PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Irino E.T., Stopiglia A.J., Larsson M.H.M.A., Fantoni D.T., Aiello V.D., Kavhegian M.A.P., Simões E.A., Santos A.L.S. & Gama Filho H.A.N. 2009. [Electrocardiographic evaluation in dogs submitted to right pneumonectomy.] Avaliação eletrocardiográfica em cães submetidos à pneumonectomia direita. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):599-604. Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: stopa@usp.br The purpose for using lobectomy or pneumonectomy in dogs and cats, is to cure or palliate of bronchopulmonary diseases whenever conservative clinical treatment proves ineffective. Considering the marked changes caused by pneumonectomy, new experimental studies have to be done to assess the advantages of this surgical intervention allow its performance without any risk. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the electrocardiographic alterations in ten adult mongrel dogs of both sexes with between 10 and 30 Kg that were submitted to right pneumonectomy. The clinical parameters of the dogs were evaluated in a daily basis and the alterations in every electrocardiogram derivation were recorded. All dogs presented a good post-operative outcome. In most cases there were no electrocardiographic alterations; when these alterations were observed they were of no clinical significance and included premature ventricular complexes in one dog, most likely resulting from a cardiorespiratory arrest that was reverted to successfully, and a decreased width in the QRS complex amplitude on the first 0-14 days post surgery which returned to normal after sixty days post surgery.

• Pneumonectomy

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Irino E.T., Stopiglia A.J., Larsson M.H.M.A., Fantoni D.T., Aiello V.D., Kavhegian M.A.P., Simões E.A., Santos A.L.S. & Gama Filho H.A.N. 2009. [Electrocardiographic evaluation in dogs submitted to right pneumonectomy.] Avaliação eletrocardiográfica em cães submetidos à pneumonectomia direita. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):599-604. Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: stopa@usp.br O propósito das ressecções pulmonares em cães e gatos, quer sejam por lobectomia ou pneumonectomia, é a cura ou paliação de processos broncopulmonares sempre que os meios conservadores de tratamento clínico sejam considerados ineficientes. Tendo em vista as significativas alterações resultantes da pneumonectomia, novos estudos experimentais devem ser feitos para avaliar as vantagens dessa intervenção cirúrgica e determinar a maneira como aplicá-la com segurança. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar as alterações eletrocardiográficas em dez cães adultos de ambos os sexos, sem raça definida, com 10-30 kg, submetidos à pneumonectomia direita. Foram avaliados diariamente os parâmetros clínicos de cada cão e as alterações em todas as derivações do eletrocardiograma. Todos os cães apresentaram um bom desenlace pós-operatório. Apenas um cão apresentou alteração de relevância clínica, um caso de complexos ventriculares prematuros, possivelmente decorrente da parada cardiorrespiratória, que foi revertido com sucesso. Houve diminuição da amplitude dos complexos QRS nos primeiros 14 dias, retornado ao normal após 60 dias de pós-operatório.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Castro M.C.N., Marcello G.C.G., Alencar N.X. & Ferreira A.M.R. 2009. [Urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurament in cats with chronic renal failure.] Avaliação da relação proteína-creatinina urinária em gatos com doença renal crônica. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):605-609. Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil 64, Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil. E-mail: mcnobre@vm.uff.br Chronic renal disease (CRD) is the most common form of renal disease in cats. Several factors contribute to disease progression. Proteinuria is an important marker of renal disease progression. The protein-creatinine ratio in a single urine sample correlates well with urinary protein loss in 24 hours. The aim of this investigation was to determine the urine protein-creatinine (UPC) ratio in cats with natural acquired chronic renal disease. The UPC ratio was performed in nine clinically normal cats and in 30 cats with chronic renal disease. Mean UPC ratio in normal cats was 0.16±0.10, and mean UPC ratio in the cats with chronic renal disease was 0.53± 0.59. In the group with renal disease there was positive correlation between UPC ratio and serum creatinine levels. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that UPC ratio in cats with CRD is variable and that, in accordance to what has previously been described, approximately one third of the cats with CRD are considered proteinuric according to the criteria established in literature (UPC ratio > 0.4).

• Chronic renal disease urinary protein/creatinine ratio

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- ABSTRACT.- Castro M.C.N., Marcello G.C.G., Alencar N.X. & Ferreira A.M.R. 2009. [Urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurament in cats with chronic renal failure.] Avaliação da relação proteína-creatinina urinária em gatos com doença renal crônica. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):605-609. Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil 64, Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil. E-mail: mcnobre@vm.uff.br Doença renal crônica (DRC) é a forma mais comum de doença renal em gatos. Vários fatores têm sido citados como importantes na progressão da doença, dentre eles a proteinúria. A relação proteína-creatinina (RPC) urinária em uma única amostra de urina apresenta boa correlação com a perda de proteína urinária em 24 horas. O objetivo dessa investigação foi determinar a RPC urinária em gatos com DRC adquirida naturalmente. A determinação da RPC foi realizada em nove gatos saudáveis (Grupo I) e em trinta gatos com DRC (Grupo II). Os gatos do Grupo I apresentaram RPC de 0,16±0,10 e os gatos do Grupo II apresentaram RPC de 0,53± 0,59. No Grupo II encontrou-se correlação positiva e significante da RPC com o nível de creatinina sérica. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a RPC urinária em gatos com DRC é bastante variável e que, à semelhança do que já havia sido previamente descrito, aproximadamente um terço dos gatos com DRC são considerados proteinúricos segundo critérios estabelecidos pela literatura (RPC urinária >0,4).

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Roza M.R., Silva L.A.F., Januário A.L., Barriviera M., Oliveira A.C.S. & Fioravanti M.C.S. 2009. [Cone beam computed tomography in veterinary dentistry: Description and standardization of the technique.] Tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico na odontologia veterinária: descrição e padronização da técnica. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):617-624. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II Samambaia, Cx. Postal 131, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil. E-mail: marcelloroza@gmail.com Eleven dogs and four cats with buccodental alterations, treated in the Centro Veterinário do Gama, in Brasilia, DF, Brazil, were submitted to cone beam computed tomography. The exams were carried out in a i-CAT tomograph, using for image acquisition six centimeters height, 40 seconds time, 0.2 voxel, 120 kilovolts and 46.72 milliamperes per second. The ideal positioning of the animal for the exam was also determined in this study and it proved to be fundamental for successful examination, which required a simple and safe anesthetic protocol due to the relatively short period of time necessary to obtain the images. Several alterations and diseases were identified with accurate imaging, demonstrating that cone beam computed tomography is a safe, accessible and feasible imaging method which could be included in the small animal dentistry routine diagnosis.

• Cone beam computed tomography

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Roza M.R., Silva L.A.F., Januário A.L., Barriviera M., Oliveira A.C.S. & Fioravanti M.C.S. 2009. [Cone beam computed tomography in veterinary dentistry: Description and standardization of the technique.] Tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico na odontologia veterinária: descrição e padronização da técnica. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):617-624. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II Samambaia, Cx. Postal 131, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil. E-mail: marcelloroza@gmail.com Onze cães e quatro gatos, portadores de alterações buco-dentárias e atendidos no Centro Veterinário do Gama, em Brasília, DF, foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico. Os exames foram realizados em um tomógrafo i-CAT, utilizando para aquisição das imagens, altura de seis centímetros, tempo de 40 segundos, 0,2 voxel, 120 kilovolts e 46,72 miliampéres por segundo. O melhor posicionamento dos animais para realização do exame foi definido neste estudo. Esse é um fator fundamental para a realização do exame, que necessitou um protocolo anestésico simples e seguro, em função do tempo mínimo necessário à obtenção das imagens. Várias alterações e enfermidades foram identificadas, com extrema acurácia, credenciando a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico como um exame seguro, acessível e exeqüível e que pode ser incorporado à rotina odontológica das clínicas de pequenos animais.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Regonato E., Canola J.C., Chierice G.O. & Padilha Filho J.G. 2009. [Radiographic evaluation of acetabular covering of the head of the femur after triple pelvic osteotomy and application of a sacroiliac wedge to the pelvis of canine cadavers.] Avaliação radiográfica da cobertura acetabular à cabeça femoral, após osteotomia tripla e aplicação de cunha sacroilíaca, em pelve de cadáveres de cães. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):625-631. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciência Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil. E-mail: everton_unesp@yahoo.com.br Attempting to avoid difficulties associated to triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO), the sacroiliac wedge method was experimentally developed to increase the acetabular ventroversion. The goal of this study was to apply the techniques of sacroiliac wedge and TPO to canine cadavers and radiographically evaluate the efficacy of acetabular ventroversion. Ten cadavers of adult dogs weighting 15-25 kg were used. To each right hemipelvis the technique of TPO with 20° and 40° plates was applied. In the left hemipelvis, 20° and 40º wedges in the sacroiliac joint were applied. Radiographic evaluations in standard projections were carried out for measurement of the acetabular covering of the head of the femur in the two techniques. There was no significant differences between TPO and the use of sacroiliac wedge using implants of 20° and 40°, however a significant difference (p<0,05) could be observed before and after application of the 20° and 40° implants, as well as between those that received 20° and of 40° implants. The application of sacroiliac wedge produced similar results of those observed in TPO, and it is more feasible.

• Hip dysplasia

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Regonato E., Canola J.C., Chierice G.O. & Padilha Filho J.G. 2009. [Radiographic evaluation of acetabular covering of the head of the femur after triple pelvic osteotomy and application of a sacroiliac wedge to the pelvis of canine cadavers.] Avaliação radiográfica da cobertura acetabular à cabeça femoral, após osteotomia tripla e aplicação de cunha sacroilíaca, em pelve de cadáveres de cães. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):625-631. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciência Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil. E-mail: everton_unesp@yahoo.com.br Na tentativa de evitar algumas das dificuldades associadas à osteotomia pélvica tripla (OPT), foi desenvolvido experimentalmente o método de aplicação de cunha na junção sacroilíaca para aumentar a ventroversão acetabular. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar as técnicas de cunha sacroilíaca e OPT em cadáveres e avaliar radiograficamente a eficácia da ventroversão acetabular. Para tal, foram utilizados 10 cadáveres de cães, adultos, com 15-25 kg. Em cada hemipelve direita foi realizada OPT com placas de 20° e 40°. Na hemipelve esquerda foram aplicadas cunhas nas articulações sacroilíacas de 20° e 40°. Avaliações radiográficas em projeções ventrodorsais foram realizadas para mensuração da cobertura acetabular à cabeça femoral nas duas técnicas. De acordo com os dados obtidos pode-se observar que não houve diferença entre a técnica de OPT e o uso de cunha sacroilíaca utilizando implantes de 20° e 40°, mas ocorreu diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os cães antes e após a aplicação dos implantes de 20° e 40°, e também entre os que receberam implantes de 20° e os de 40°. A aplicação de cunha sacroilíaca produziu resultados semelhantes à OPT, e também se mostrou como de mais fácil aplicação.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Stedile R., Beck C.A.C., Schiochet F., Ferreira M.P., Oliveira S.T., Martens F.B., Tessari J.P., Bernades S.B.L., Oliveira C.S., Santos A.P., Mello F.P.S., Alievi M.M. & Muccillo M.S. 2009. Laparoscopic versus open splenectomy in dogs. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):653-660. Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: stediler@gmail.com In the last few years, the use of laparoscopy in veterinary medicine has expanded and consequently so was the need for studies that establish the advantages, disadvantages and possible complications of each procedure. The purpose of the current study was to describe a laparoscopic splenectomy technique and the alterations due to this access, and compare it to the open procedure in dogs. A total of 15 healthy female mongrel dogs were used, with mean weight of 17.4±2.5kg. The animals were distributed into three groups: Group IA of open splenectomy (laparotomy) using double ligation of the vessels of the splenic hilum with poliglicolic acid, Group IB of open splenectomy (laparotomy) with bipolar electrocoagulation of the splenic hilum, and Group II of laparoscopic access with bipolar electrocoagulation of the splenic hilum. Operative time, blood loss, size of incisions, complications during and after surgery were evaluated. Other parameters included pain scores, white blood cell (WBC) counts and postoperative serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose and cortisol. No differences were found in the evaluation of parameters between both open splenectomy techniques employed. Laparoscopic access presented significant differences (p<0,05) when compared with open surgery: Longer operative time, smaller abdominal access, decrease in blood loss, lower concentrations of CRP, higher levels of CK and ALP, and lower scores in the pain scale. Laparoscopic surgery showed fewer complications of the surgical wound. No significant differences were observed between groups in the postoperative temperature, WBC, ALT, cortisol and glucose concentrations. In conclusion, the laparoscopic technique is useful for splenectomy in dogs, being advantageous in terms of blood loss, surgical stress and surgical wounds. However, it expends more operative time and causes transitory increase in hepatic and muscular enzymes.

• Spleen

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Stedile R., Beck C.A.C., Schiochet F., Ferreira M.P., Oliveira S.T., Martens F.B., Tessari J.P., Bernades S.B.L., Oliveira C.S., Santos A.P., Mello F.P.S., Alievi M.M. & Muccillo M.S. 2009. [Comparação entre esplenectomia laparoscópica e convencional em cães.] Laparoscopic versus open splenectomy in dogs. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):653-660. Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: stediler@gmail.com Nos últimos anos, a utilização da laparoscopia em Medicina Veterinária vem expandindo e, conseqüentemente, a necessidade de pesquisas que determinem as vantagens, desvantagens e possíveis complicações de cada procedimento. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever uma técnica de esplenectomia laparoscópica, assim como as alterações decorrentes deste acesso, e compará-la ao procedimento convencional em cães. Foram utilizadas 15 cadelas hígidas, sem raça definida, com peso médio de 17,4 ±2,5kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo IA de acesso convencional (por laparotomia) utilizando ligadura com ácido poliglicólico no selamento vascular do hilo esplênico, Grupo IB de acesso convencional (por laparotomia) com eletrocoagulador bipolar do hilo esplênico, e Grupo II de acesso laparoscópico com eletrocoagulador bipolar para selamento vascular dos ramos esplênicos. Estes grupos foram avaliados em relação ao tempo cirúrgico, à perda de sangue, ao tamanho das incisões e às complicações durante e após a cirurgia. Também foram comparadas as avaliações da escala de dor e as alterações no leucograma e nas concentrações séricas da alanina aminotransferase (ALT), da fosfatase alcalina (FA), da creatina quinase (CK), da proteína C-reativa (CRP), da glicose e do cortisol no pós-operatório. Os acessos convencionais não diferiram entre si nos parâmetros avaliados. O acesso laparoscópico apresentou diferenças significativas (p<0,05) quando comparado ao convencional: maior tempo cirúrgico, menor acesso abdominal, diminuição na perda de sangue, menores concentrações de CRP, maiores níveis de CK e FA, além de pontuação menor na escala de dor. A cirurgia laparoscópica apresentou menor número de complicações das feridas cirúrgicas. A ALT, o cortisol, a glicemia, o leucograma e a temperatura retal pós-operatórias não diferiram significativamente entre os acessos convencional e laparoscópico. Conclui-se que a cirurgia laparoscópica é viável para esplenectomia em cães, apresentando vantagem em relação à perda de sangue, ao estresse cirúrgico e às feridas cirúrgicas, embora apresente maior tempo cirúrgico e cause aumento transitório de enzimas hepática e muscular.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Abdalla S.L., Silva M.F.A., Pereira A.R.C., Azevedo F.D., Fernandes J.I., Minono G.P. & Botelho R.P. 2009. [Computer quantification for the evaluation of dental plaque and dental calculus index in the digital image of vestibular surface of the teeth of dogs.] Quantificação computadorizada dos índices de placa e cálculo dentais da imagem digital da superfície vestibular dos dentes de cães. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):666-672. Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: abdallasamira@hotmail.com Periodontal disease is caused by dental plaque accumulation on teeth and adjacent structures. Indices have been formulated for its measurement considering the amount and intensity of dental plaque (DP) and dental calculus (C) on the surface of teeth through subjective visual evaluation. This study aims at assessing the computerized analysis method for measurement of DP and C areas on the teeth of dogs by comparing it with the visual evaluation in the oral cavity. Ten beagle dogs with similar characteristics and kept under the same management and diet were used. Evaluations of oral cavity occurred before surgical prophylaxis (performed under general inhalation anesthesia) and after seven days for DP and 28 days for C. The computerized C area evaluation showed to be statistically better than the visual evaluation before and after prophylaxis. It was concluded that the computerized evaluation is beneficial when compared to visual evaluation, providing greater precision in the area measurement.

• Dental plaque dental calculus

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Abdalla S.L., Silva M.F.A., Pereira A.R.C., Azevedo F.D., Fernandes J.I., Minono G.P. & Botelho R.P. 2009. [Computer quantification for the evaluation of dental plaque and dental calculus index in the digital image of vestibular surface of the teeth of dogs.] Quantificação computadorizada dos índices de placa e cálculo dentais da imagem digital da superfície vestibular dos dentes de cães. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(8):666-672. Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: abdallasamira@hotmail.com A doença periodontal é causada pelo acúmulo de placa bacteriana sobre os dentes e estruturas adjacentes. Para sua mensuração têm sido formulados índices que consideram a quantidade e intensidade de placa bacteriana (PB) e de cálculo dental (CD) existentes na superfície dentária por meio de avaliação visual subjetiva. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o método de análise computadorizada para medição de área de PB e CD nos dentes de cães através da comparação com a avaliação visual. Foram utilizados 10 cães Beagles, três machos e sete fêmeas, com similares características e mantidos sob o mesmo manejo e dieta alimentar. As avaliações das superfícies vestibulares dos dentes ocorreram antes da profilaxia dentária, que foi realizada sob anestesia geral inalatória, e após sete dias para PB e após 28 dias para CD. A avaliação computadorizada da área de CD demonstrou ser estatisticamente melhor em relação à avaliação visual antes e após a profilaxia; entretanto, não demonstrou diferença significante na avaliação da PB. Concluiu-se que a avaliação computadorizada é vantajosa em relação à visual por conferir maior precisão na obtenção da proporção entre área total do dente e área acometida, mostrando-se estatistticamente superior na quantificação do CD após 28 dias.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Gabriel A.L., Kommers G.D., Masuda E.K, Fighera R.A., Piazer J.V.M., Barros C.S.L., Martins T.B. & Rosa F.B. 2009. [Clinical and hematological aspects and urinary bladder lesions in chronic spontaneous poisoning by Pteridium aquilinum in cattle.] Aspectos clínicos-hematológicos e lesões vesicais nas formas crônicas de intoxicação espontânea por Pteridium aquilinum em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):515-525. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: glaukommers@yahoo.com Spontaneous cases of chronic poisoning by Pteridium aquilinum in cattle were studied. The clinical forms of the disease were squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs) of the upper digestive tract (UDT) and bovine enzootic hematuria (BEH). The cases were from the midland Region of the Midwest of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and were submitted to the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Clinical signs and blood work were evaluated at terminal phase of disease. Cattle with UDT SCCs had progressive weigth loss, ruminal atony, cough, dysphagia, bloating, and regurgitation. In cattle with BEH, hematuria was observed in all cases, followed by progressive weight loss. Non-regenerative anemia was detected in 33.33% of the cattle with UDT SCCs form and in 66.66% of the cattle with BEH form. Changes in white blood count occurred in some cases but drop in lymphocyte numbers was uncommon in both forms of disease. For the morphological study, urinary bladders from 46 cattle with UDT SCCs and 11 cattle with BEH were analyzed. Grossly, 16/46 bladders from the UDT SCCs form had gross lesions (red or pale vesical nodules, hemorrhages, and papilomas; red urine was detected at necropsy of only three cases). In BEH form, the bladder had nodules, large neoplastic masses, red urine, papilomas, and hemorrhages. Pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis were seen in a few cases. Microscopically, in the UDT SCCs form, 44/46 (95.65%) bladders had 22 different types of morphological changes, characterized by neoplastic lesions (5/22) and non-neoplastic lesions (17/22); the latter were subdivided in non-neoplastic epithelial changes (6/17), general changes of the lamina propria (6/17), and inflammatory changes (5/17). The bladder changes in BEH form were of 19 different types, characterized by neoplastic lesions (5/19) and non-neoplastic lesions (14/19), which were subdivided in non-neoplastic epitelial changes (9/14), general changes of the lamina propria (3/14), and inflammatory changes (2/14). In BEH, mesenchymal neoplasms were more observed than epithelial ones, and most of them were malignant. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to characterize the histogenesis of poorly differentiated neoplasms. In conclusion, the morphological study demonstrated that urinary bladder lesions identical to the those seen in cattle with BEH, are very often present in cattle with the UDT SCCs form.

• Diseases of cattle poisonous plants; Pteridium aquilinum bovine enzootic hematuria squamous cell carcinomas of the digestive system veterinary pathology

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Gabriel A.L., Kommers G.D., Masuda E.K, Fighera R.A., Piazer J.V.M., Barros C.S.L., Martins T.B. & Rosa F.B. 2009. [Clinical and hematological aspects and urinary bladder lesions in chronic spontaneous poisoning by Pteridium aquilinum in cattle.] Aspectos clínicos-hematológicos e lesões vesicais nas formas crônicas de intoxicação espontânea por Pteridium aquilinum em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):515-525. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: glaukommers@yahoo.com Spontaneous cases of chronic poisoning by Pteridium aquilinum in cattle were studied. The clinical forms of the disease were squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs) of the upper digestive tract (UDT) and bovine enzootic hematuria (BEH). The cases were from the midland Region of the Midwest of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and were submitted to the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Clinical signs and blood work were evaluated at terminal phase of disease. Cattle with UDT SCCs had progressive weigth loss, ruminal atony, cough, dysphagia, bloating, and regurgitation. In cattle with BEH, hematuria was observed in all cases, followed by progressive weight loss. Non-regenerative anemia was detected in 33.33% of the cattle with UDT SCCs form and in 66.66% of the cattle with BEH form. Changes in white blood count occurred in some cases but drop in lymphocyte numbers was uncommon in both forms of disease. For the morphological study, urinary bladders from 46 cattle with UDT SCCs and 11 cattle with BEH were analyzed. Grossly, 16/46 bladders from the UDT SCCs form had gross lesions (red or pale vesical nodules, hemorrhages, and papilomas; red urine was detected at necropsy of only three cases). In BEH form, the bladder had nodules, large neoplastic masses, red urine, papilomas, and hemorrhages. Pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis were seen in a few cases. Microscopically, in the UDT SCCs form, 44/46 (95.65%) bladders had 22 different types of morphological changes, characterized by neoplastic lesions (5/22) and non-neoplastic lesions (17/22); the latter were subdivided in non-neoplastic epithelial changes (6/17), general changes of the lamina propria (6/17), and inflammatory changes (5/17). The bladder changes in BEH form were of 19 different types, characterized by neoplastic lesions (5/19) and non-neoplastic lesions (14/19), which were subdivided in non-neoplastic epitelial changes (9/14), general changes of the lamina propria (3/14), and inflammatory changes (2/14). In BEH, mesenchymal neoplasms were more observed than epithelial ones, and most of them were malignant. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to characterize the histogenesis of poorly differentiated neoplasms. In conclusion, the morphological study demonstrated that urinary bladder lesions identical to the those seen in cattle with BEH, are very often present in cattle with the UDT SCCs form.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Trost M.E., Kommers G.D., Barros C.S.L & Schild A.L. 2009. [Patogenesis of lesions associated with poisoning by Ramaria flavo-brunnescens in cattle.] Patogênese das lesões associadas à intoxicação por Ramaria flavo-brunnescens em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):533-544. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: glaukommers@yahoo.com The pathogenesis of the lesions of Ramaria flavo-brunnescens poisoning in cattle was studied throughout the retrospective evaluation of selected tissues from nine spontaneous and four experimental cases of the disease. The pathogenesis of lesions observed in the tongue, esophagus, hoof, and tail was investigated analyzing microscopic lesions, histochemical and histochemical-ultrastructural changes. Histochemical techniques utilized were Masson’s Trichrome and Selective Oxidation of Keratin (SOK). The histochemical-ultrastructural study was acomplished throughout the Swift method under transmission electron microscopy. Hair shafts of the tip of the tail were analyzed under polarized light. Lesions of varying degrees of severity were observed. All changes observed in the keratinized structures studied, mostly in the hard keratin, showed defective keratinization. The morphologic study and the results obtained with SOK and Swift techniques showed that the defective keratinization results of low amounts of sulphur containing amino acids (cystine) in hard keratin structures. This is probably the main pathogenetic mechanism of the lesions observed in R. flavo brunnescens poisoning in cattle.

• Poisonous plants mushroom poisoning Ramaria flavo-brunnescens cattle keratinization veterinary pathology

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Trost M.E., Kommers G.D., Barros C.S.L & Schild A.L. 2009. [Patogenesis of lesions associated with poisoning by Ramaria flavo-brunnescens in cattle.] Patogênese das lesões associadas à intoxicação por Ramaria flavo-brunnescens em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):533-544. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: glaukommers@yahoo.com The pathogenesis of the lesions of Ramaria flavo-brunnescens poisoning in cattle was studied throughout the retrospective evaluation of selected tissues from nine spontaneous and four experimental cases of the disease. The pathogenesis of lesions observed in the tongue, esophagus, hoof, and tail was investigated analyzing microscopic lesions, histochemical and histochemical-ultrastructural changes. Histochemical techniques utilized were Masson’s Trichrome and Selective Oxidation of Keratin (SOK). The histochemical-ultrastructural study was acomplished throughout the Swift method under transmission electron microscopy. Hair shafts of the tip of the tail were analyzed under polarized light. Lesions of varying degrees of severity were observed. All changes observed in the keratinized structures studied, mostly in the hard keratin, showed defective keratinization. The morphologic study and the results obtained with SOK and Swift techniques showed that the defective keratinization results of low amounts of sulphur containing amino acids (cystine) in hard keratin structures. This is probably the main pathogenetic mechanism of the lesions observed in R. flavo brunnescens poisoning in cattle.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Oliveira C.A., Barbosa J.D., Duarte M.D., Cerqueira V.D., Riet-Correa F. & Riet-Correa G. 2009. [Poisoning by Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa in goats in Island of Marajó, Pará.] Intoxicação por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Convolvulaceae) em caprinos na Ilha do Marajó, Pará. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):583-588. Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário, Campus de Castanhal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Maximino Porpino da Silva 1000, Pirapora, Castanhal, PA 68743-080, Brazil. E-mail: griet@ufpa.br Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa is a swainsonine-containing plant causing a glycoprotein storage diseases in ruminants, mainly in goats in northeastern Brazil. Seven farms were visited on the Marajo Island, state of Pará, northern Brazil, six in the municipality of Cachoeira do Arari and one in the municipality of Soure. In all farms native pastures had shortage of forage and were largely invaded by I. carnea subsp. fistulosa. On the three farms goats presented difficulties in standing, ataxia, hypermetria, wide-based stance, lateral gait, intention tremors, spastic paresis or weakness, abnormal postural reactions, nystagmus, loss of equilibrium and falling to the side or backward. On two farms the prevalence was of 32% (23/71) and 100% (32/32). On another farm one goat out of 19 had severe clinical signs, but the others of the flock were not examined clinically. Cattle, sheep and buffaloes were not affected. Six goats were euthanized and necropsied. No gross lesions were observed. Upon histological examination the main lesion was the vacuolization of the perikaryon of neurons and cytoplasm of epithelial cells of thyroid, liver, kidney, pancreas and macrophages of different organs. In the central nervous system the vacuolization of the perikaria was more sever in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and in nuclei of the brain stem, mainly the cerebellar nuclei. Wallerian degeneration of axons and gliosis was also observed. The high frequency of the disease on the three farms suggests that poisoning by I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is very important for goats on Marajó Island where there are large amounts of the plant in the pastures.

• Poisonous plants Ipomoea carnea plant poisoning goats swaisonine diseases of nervous system

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Oliveira C.A., Barbosa J.D., Duarte M.D., Cerqueira V.D., Riet-Correa F. & Riet-Correa G. 2009. [Poisoning by Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa in goats in Island of Marajó, Pará.] Intoxicação por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Convolvulaceae) em caprinos na Ilha do Marajó, Pará. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):583-588. Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário, Campus de Castanhal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Maximino Porpino da Silva 1000, Pirapora, Castanhal, PA 68743-080, Brazil. E-mail: griet@ufpa.br Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa is a swainsonine-containing plant causing a glycoprotein storage diseases in ruminants, mainly in goats in northeastern Brazil. Seven farms were visited on the Marajo Island, state of Pará, northern Brazil, six in the municipality of Cachoeira do Arari and one in the municipality of Soure. In all farms native pastures had shortage of forage and were largely invaded by I. carnea subsp. fistulosa. On the three farms goats presented difficulties in standing, ataxia, hypermetria, wide-based stance, lateral gait, intention tremors, spastic paresis or weakness, abnormal postural reactions, nystagmus, loss of equilibrium and falling to the side or backward. On two farms the prevalence was of 32% (23/71) and 100% (32/32). On another farm one goat out of 19 had severe clinical signs, but the others of the flock were not examined clinically. Cattle, sheep and buffaloes were not affected. Six goats were euthanized and necropsied. No gross lesions were observed. Upon histological examination the main lesion was the vacuolization of the perikaryon of neurons and cytoplasm of epithelial cells of thyroid, liver, kidney, pancreas and macrophages of different organs. In the central nervous system the vacuolization of the perikaria was more sever in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and in nuclei of the brain stem, mainly the cerebellar nuclei. Wallerian degeneration of axons and gliosis was also observed. The high frequency of the disease on the three farms suggests that poisoning by I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is very important for goats on Marajó Island where there are large amounts of the plant in the pastures.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Sant’Ana F.J.F., Rissi D.R., Lucena R.B., Lemos R.A.A., Nogueira A.P.A. & Barros C.S.L. 2009. [Bovine polioencephalomalacia: epidemiology, clinical signs and distribution of lesions in the brain.] Polioencefalomalacia em bovinos: epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e distribuição das lesões no encéfalo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):487-497. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Thirty one cases of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) diagnosed from 1999-2008 in cattle from the Southern (13 cases) and Midwestern (18 cases) Brazil were studied. Morbidity (0.04%-6.66 %), mortality (0.04%-6.66 %), and lethality (50%-100%) rates were similar in both regions studied. There was no clear association between PEM cases and age, sex or seasonality. Cases occurred mainly in cattle raised at pasture; in the Southern the disease affected mainly young cattle (one-year old or less) while mainly older cattle (three-year-old or older) were affected in the Midwest. Clinical signs more frequently observed included blindness, incoordination, circling, opisthotonus, recumbence and peddling movements. Clinical course varied from 12 hours to 8 days (average three days and a half). In 11 cases no gross changes were observed in the brain. Main gross findings in the brain of remaining cases included congestion with swelling and flattening of gyri, softening and yellow discoloration of cerebral cortex, hemorrhagic foci in the brain stem, cerebellum and telencephalon, and cerebellar herniation. The main histopathological changes were in the cortex of occipital, parietal and frontal telencephalic lobes; however less prominent and less frequently found lesions occurred in the hippocampus, basal nuclei, thalamus, midbrain, and cerebellum. The type of microscopic cortical lesions was consistent in all cases and included segmentar laminar neuronal necrosis (red neurons), spongiosis, swollen of vascular endothelial nuclei, Alzheimer type II astrocytes and infiltration of gitter cells. In 20% of the cases there was mild lymphohistiocytic cellular infiltrate and in 13% of the cases there was mild infiltrate by neutrophils and eosinophils. Additionally, mild to moderate necro-hemorrhagic lesions were observed in 49% of the cases in the basal nuclei, in 39% of the cases in brain stem and in 26% of the cases in the thalamus. Brain lesions were consistently found in the cortical laminae of the occipital, parietal and frontal telencephalic lobes. In such locations, most frequently affected cortical layers both by neuronal necrosis and edema were external and internal granular layers. Both gyri and sulci were equally affected.

• Diseases of cattle neuropathology distribution of lesions polioencephalomalacia

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Sant’Ana F.J.F., Rissi D.R., Lucena R.B., Lemos R.A.A., Nogueira A.P.A. & Barros C.S.L. 2009. [Bovine polioencephalomalacia: epidemiology, clinical signs and distribution of lesions in the brain.] Polioencefalomalacia em bovinos: epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e distribuição das lesões no encéfalo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(7):487-497. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br RESUMO.- Trinta e um casos de polioencefalomalacia (PEM) diagnosticados de 1999-2008 em bovinos do Sul (13 casos) e Centro-Oeste (18 casos) brasileiros foram estudados. As taxas de morbidade (0,04%-6,66 %), mortalidade (0,04%-6,66 %) e letalidade (50%-100%) foram semelhantes em ambas as regiões estudadas. Não houve uma associação clara entre os casos de PEM e a idade, sexo dos bovinos e sazonalidade. Os casos ocorreram principalmente em bovinos criados de forma extensiva em pastagem. Na Região Sul a doença afetou principalmente bovinos jovens (um ano de idade ou menos), enquanto que principalmente bovinos mais velhos (3 anos de idade ou mais) foram afetados no Centro-Oeste. Os sinais clínicos mais frequentemente observados incluíram cegueira, incoordenação, andar em círculos, opistótono, decúbito e movimentos de pedalagem. A evolução do quadro clínico variou de 12 horas a 8 dias (media 3 dias e meio). Em 11 encéfalos não foram observadas alterações macroscópicas; as principais alterações macroscópicas nos outros casos incluíam congestão com tumefação e achatamento das circunvoluções, amolecimento e amarelamento do córtex telencefálico, focos de hemorragia no tronco encefálico, cerebelo e telencéfalo e herniação cerebelar. As principais alterações histológicas ocorreram no córtex dos lobos telencefálicos occipital, parietal e frontal; no entanto, lesões menos acentuadas e menos frequentemente observadas ocorreram no hipocampo, núcleos da base, tálamo, mesencéfalo e cerebelo. O tipo de lesão microscópica cortical era consistente em todos os casos e incluía necrose neuronal (neurônio vermelho) laminar segmentar, espongiose, tumefação do núcleo das células endoteliais, astrócitos Alzheimer tipo II e infiltração por células gitter. Em 20% dos casos havia um leve infiltrado celular linfo-histiocitário e em 13% dos casos havia leve infiltrado de neutrófilos e eosinófilos. Adicionalmente, lesões necro-hemorrágicas leves ou moderadas foram observadas em 49% dos casos nos núcleos da base, em 39% dos casos no tronco encefálico e em 26% dos casos no tálamo. Lesões telencefálicas foram consistentemente observadas nas lâminas dos córtices dos lobos occipital, parietal e frontal. Nessas regiões as camadas granular externa e interna foram as mais afetadas tanto por neurônios necróticos quanto por edema em todas as regiões avaliadas. Tanto os giros quanto os sulcos foram afetados igualmente.