PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Lisbôa R.S., Guedes Júnior D.S., Silva F.J.M., Cunha N.C., Machado C.H. & Fonseca A.H. 2008. [Alterations in hematological parameters of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina.] Alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos de Gallus gallus domesticus experimentalmente infectados por Borrelia anserina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):527-532. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: raquellisboa@ufrrj.br Avian spirochaetosis is a cosmopolite acute septicemic disease of many avian species, caused by Borrelia anserina Sakharoff, 1891. The present study assesses the estimate of the hematological alterations of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with B. anserina by vector Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Twenty-seven fowls of the species G. g. domesticus, 67 days old, were randomly allocated into three groups composed by nine animals each. One group was exposed to B. anserina infected ticks (Group 1), other one to ticks free of this agent (Group 2), and another group not exposed to ticks (Group 3). Blood smears of the fowls were taken daily, since the first day the fowls were exposed to the ticks, up to the 25th day after exposure (DAE). Blood samples were collected three days before exposure, and three, eight and 18 DAE, for hematologic tests. The examination of Group 1 smears revealed large number of spirochaetes. Group 2 and 3 blood smears were negative during the whole period under exam. In agreement with the hematological evaluation results, the fowls exposed to infected ticks showed a normocytic normochromic anemia in eight DAE, leucocytosis with heterophilia and monocytosis concomitant with the spirochaetemia. We concluded that B. anserina infection determined on fowls of Group 1 hematological alterations compatible with bacterial infection of moderate gravity, developing to self-cure, in the experimental conditions established in this study.

• Borrelia anserina Argas (Persicargas) miniatus avian hematology domestic fowls avian spirochaetosis

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Lisbôa R.S., Guedes Júnior D.S., Silva F.J.M., Cunha N.C., Machado C.H. & Fonseca A.H. 2008. [Alterations in hematological parameters of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina.] Alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos de Gallus gallus domesticus experimentalmente infectados por Borrelia anserina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):527-532. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: raquellisboa@ufrrj.br Avian spirochaetosis is a cosmopolite acute septicemic disease of many avian species, caused by Borrelia anserina Sakharoff, 1891. The present study assesses the estimate of the hematological alterations of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with B. anserina by vector Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Twenty-seven fowls of the species G. g. domesticus, 67 days old, were randomly allocated into three groups composed by nine animals each. One group was exposed to B. anserina infected ticks (Group 1), other one to ticks free of this agent (Group 2), and another group not exposed to ticks (Group 3). Blood smears of the fowls were taken daily, since the first day the fowls were exposed to the ticks, up to the 25th day after exposure (DAE). Blood samples were collected three days before exposure, and three, eight and 18 DAE, for hematologic tests. The examination of Group 1 smears revealed large number of spirochaetes. Group 2 and 3 blood smears were negative during the whole period under exam. In agreement with the hematological evaluation results, the fowls exposed to infected ticks showed a normocytic normochromic anemia in eight DAE, leucocytosis with heterophilia and monocytosis concomitant with the spirochaetemia. We concluded that B. anserina infection determined on fowls of Group 1 hematological alterations compatible with bacterial infection of moderate gravity, developing to self-cure, in the experimental conditions established in this study.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Castelo-Branco P.S.M., Souza S.A.L., Lopes F.P.P.L., Castro V., Sena P., Pereira J.B., Fonseca L.M.B. & Gutfilen B. 2008. [The use of 99mTc-Thymine to identify metastatic disease in dogs presenting the cutaneous form of canine transmissible venereal tumor.] Uso da 99mTc-Timina na identificação de metástases de tumor venéreo transmissível canino com apresentação cutânea. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(8):367-370. Universidade Estácio de Sá, Estrada Boca do Mato 850, Vargem Pequena, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22783-320, Brazil. E-mail: p.castelobranco@ig.com.br The venereal canine transmissible tumor (VCTT) is described in literature as a rare metastatic tumor. However accurate methods for verification of this affirmative are not available in the veterinary medicine routine. In this study, we evaluated the dissemination from VCTT with cutaneous presentation using the 99mTc-Thymine scintigraphy. The labelled thymine was uptaken by the three cases of VCTT. 99mTc-Thymine is a promising imaging technique for non-invasive veterinarian evaluation of tumoral dissemination degree decurrent from the VCTT cases.

• Canine 99mTc-Thymine tumor

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Castelo-Branco P.S.M., Souza S.A.L., Lopes F.P.P.L., Castro V., Sena P., Pereira J.B., Fonseca L.M.B. & Gutfilen B. 2008. [The use of 99mTc-Thymine to identify metastatic disease in dogs presenting the cutaneous form of canine transmissible venereal tumor.] Uso da 99mTc-Timina na identificação de metástases de tumor venéreo transmissível canino com apresentação cutânea. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(8):367-370. Universidade Estácio de Sá, Estrada Boca do Mato 850, Vargem Pequena, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22783-320, Brazil. E-mail: p.castelobranco@ig.com.br The venereal canine transmissible tumor (VCTT) is described in literature as a rare metastatic tumor. However accurate methods for verification of this affirmative are not available in the veterinary medicine routine. In this study, we evaluated the dissemination from VCTT with cutaneous presentation using the 99mTc-Thymine scintigraphy. The labelled thymine was uptaken by the three cases of VCTT. 99mTc-Thymine is a promising imaging technique for non-invasive veterinarian evaluation of tumoral dissemination degree decurrent from the VCTT cases.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Koller F.L., Borowski S.M., Asanome W., Hein G., Lagemann F.L., Driemeier D. & Barcellos D.E.S.N. 2008. [Dental periapical abscesses in piglets affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome PMWS.] Abscessos dentários periapi-cais em leitões com síndrome multissistêmica do definhamento. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasi-leira 28(6):271-274. Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: davetpat@ufrgs.br Swine producers have historically resected needle teeth of newborn pigs to prevent potential injuries to the sow mammary gland and faces of littermates. However, the possible impact of this practice on pig performance has been questioned. As part of a study, 280 PMWS affected piglets, with 40-70 days of age, were examined for the presence of dental lesions immediately after euthanasia. Most pigs were confirmed as PMWS by the detection of typical microscopic lesions and immunohistochemical pattern. At least one periapical abscess was observed in 58 piglets (20.7%), of which 12 had multiple abscesses. There were 22 (31.4%), 16 (22.9%), 4 (5.7%), 23 (32.9%), and 5 (7.1%) abscesses in 3rd upper incisives, 3rd lower incisives, upper canines, lower canines, and other teeth, respectively. The higher prevalence of dental abscesses observed in 3rd incisives and lower canines is probably associated with the wider area of grinding or clipping to which these teeth were subjected. Among bacteria isolated from samples collected from 65 abscesses, Streptococcus sp. was the most prevalent bacteria and was present in 21.48% and 27.7% of the aerobic and anaerobic isolates, respectively. In the second most frequent group were coryneform microorganisms, which showed higher rate of isolation under anaerobic atmosphere than in aerobic culture. There was preponderance of Gram-positive isolates. It could not be determined whether these bacterial co-infections predisposed pigs to development of PMWS-type lesions or if were subsequent to the PCV2 infection.

• Periapical abscess causal bacteria co-infection PMWS piglet teeth resection teeth clipping

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Koller F.L., Borowski S.M., Asanome W., Hein G., Lagemann F.L., Driemeier D. & Barcellos D.E.S.N. 2008. [Dental periapical abscesses in piglets affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome PMWS.] Abscessos dentários periapi-cais em leitões com síndrome multissistêmica do definhamento. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasi-leira 28(6):271-274. Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: davetpat@ufrgs.br Swine producers have historically resected needle teeth of newborn pigs to prevent potential injuries to the sow mammary gland and faces of littermates. However, the possible impact of this practice on pig performance has been questioned. As part of a study, 280 PMWS affected piglets, with 40-70 days of age, were examined for the presence of dental lesions immediately after euthanasia. Most pigs were confirmed as PMWS by the detection of typical microscopic lesions and immunohistochemical pattern. At least one periapical abscess was observed in 58 piglets (20.7%), of which 12 had multiple abscesses. There were 22 (31.4%), 16 (22.9%), 4 (5.7%), 23 (32.9%), and 5 (7.1%) abscesses in 3rd upper incisives, 3rd lower incisives, upper canines, lower canines, and other teeth, respectively. The higher prevalence of dental abscesses observed in 3rd incisives and lower canines is probably associated with the wider area of grinding or clipping to which these teeth were subjected. Among bacteria isolated from samples collected from 65 abscesses, Streptococcus sp. was the most prevalent bacteria and was present in 21.48% and 27.7% of the aerobic and anaerobic isolates, respectively. In the second most frequent group were coryneform microorganisms, which showed higher rate of isolation under anaerobic atmosphere than in aerobic culture. There was preponderance of Gram-positive isolates. It could not be determined whether these bacterial co-infections predisposed pigs to development of PMWS-type lesions or if were subsequent to the PCV2 infection.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Deleito C.S.R & Moya Borja G.E. 2008. [Neem (Azadirachta indica): An alternative for controlling flies associated with animal breeding.] Nim (Azadirachta indica): uma alternativa no controle de moscas na pecuária. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(6):293-298. Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: claudiasayao@terra.com.br Flies Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomya megacephala, Cochliomyia hominivorax and Musca domestica, are among the most important arthropod pests of livestock, which produce myiasis and carry pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to test of efficacy of various concentrations of neem oil on pupae of the above mentioned flies under laboratory and in field conditions. Reduction of fly emergence from treated pupae with 0.6 per cent of neem oil was 95.6 per cent under laboratory conditions and 94.5 per cent when applied on the soil, where the cattle rest during the night. The application of neem oil at 0.6 per cent on the soil is a viable alternative for controlling pupae of L. cuprina, C. megacephala, C. hominivorax and M. domestica.

• Botanical insecticide Lucilia cuprina Chrysomya megacephala Cochliomyia hominivorax Musca domestica

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Deleito C.S.R & Moya Borja G.E. 2008. [Neem (Azadirachta indica): An alternative for controlling flies associated with animal breeding.] Nim (Azadirachta indica): uma alternativa no controle de moscas na pecuária. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(6):293-298. Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: claudiasayao@terra.com.br Flies Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomya megacephala, Cochliomyia hominivorax and Musca domestica, are among the most important arthropod pests of livestock, which produce myiasis and carry pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to test of efficacy of various concentrations of neem oil on pupae of the above mentioned flies under laboratory and in field conditions. Reduction of fly emergence from treated pupae with 0.6 per cent of neem oil was 95.6 per cent under laboratory conditions and 94.5 per cent when applied on the soil, where the cattle rest during the night. The application of neem oil at 0.6 per cent on the soil is a viable alternative for controlling pupae of L. cuprina, C. megacephala, C. hominivorax and M. domestica.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- La Paz M.N., Fonseca V.U., Campos D.B., Artoni L.P., Sousa L.M.M.C. & Papa P.C. 2007. [In vitro progesterone production from bovine corpus luteum throughout gestation.] Produção de progesterona in vitro pelas células do corpo lúteo bovino ao longo da gestação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(9):370376. Setor de Anatomia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques Paiva, 87, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: ppapa@usp.br The aim was to test the hypothesis that cultivated bovine luteal cells from three different thirds of pregnancy behave the same way as in vivo luteal cells relative to P4 production. Corpus luteum samples from days 90 (n=3), 150 (n=3) and 210 (n=3) of pregnancy were obtained at a local slaughterhouse. Under aseptic conditions cells were mechanically dispersed and cultivated in a 96 wells-plate. After 24 hours of culture, cells were washed and the precursor pregnenolone was added. Experiments were conducted eight times for each studied time period (24, 48 and 96 h) and three times for each gestational age. Culture medium and cells were collected after 24, 48 and 96 hours of precursor addition and kept frozen at -20oC until processing. Progesterone was measured by RIA and protein content by Lowry’s method. Results were statistically analyzed and considered different when p <0.05. A higher P4 production was observed on day 90 of gestation (35.277±0.075), then this production was decreased at day 150 (28.820±0.231) and increased again at day 210 (32.777±0.099). After 24 hours of culture, luteal cells P4 production reached maximum values in the group of 90 days (2.912±0.047) when compared to 150 (2.669±0.137) and 210 days (2.741±0.088). At 48 and 96 hours of culture, bovine luteal cells from day 90 of gestation produced more P4 than cells from day 210 (2.934±0.029 and 2.976±0.121 respectively x 2.760±0.059 and 2.695±0.149, respectively; p<0.05), which in turn, produced more P4 than cells from day 150 (2.334±0.084 for 48 h and 2.205±0.136 for 96 h). Luteal cells from day 150 of gestation presented a decreasing P4 production throughout the 96 hours of culture. These differences could be explained by differential gene expression of enzymes and/or factors belonging to the esteroidogenic cascade in accordance to the gestational period. The established luteal cell culture model could be used for further functional studies once P4 secretion pattern in vitro resembled what occurs in vivo.

• Corpus luteum gestation progesterone cell culture

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- La Paz M.N., Fonseca V.U., Campos D.B., Artoni L.P., Sousa L.M.M.C. & Papa P.C. 2007. [In vitro progesterone production from bovine corpus luteum throughout gestation.] Produção de progesterona in vitro pelas células do corpo lúteo bovino ao longo da gestação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(9):370376. Setor de Anatomia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques Paiva, 87, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: ppapa@usp.br The aim was to test the hypothesis that cultivated bovine luteal cells from three different thirds of pregnancy behave the same way as in vivo luteal cells relative to P4 production. Corpus luteum samples from days 90 (n=3), 150 (n=3) and 210 (n=3) of pregnancy were obtained at a local slaughterhouse. Under aseptic conditions cells were mechanically dispersed and cultivated in a 96 wells-plate. After 24 hours of culture, cells were washed and the precursor pregnenolone was added. Experiments were conducted eight times for each studied time period (24, 48 and 96 h) and three times for each gestational age. Culture medium and cells were collected after 24, 48 and 96 hours of precursor addition and kept frozen at -20oC until processing. Progesterone was measured by RIA and protein content by Lowry’s method. Results were statistically analyzed and considered different when p <0.05. A higher P4 production was observed on day 90 of gestation (35.277±0.075), then this production was decreased at day 150 (28.820±0.231) and increased again at day 210 (32.777±0.099). After 24 hours of culture, luteal cells P4 production reached maximum values in the group of 90 days (2.912±0.047) when compared to 150 (2.669±0.137) and 210 days (2.741±0.088). At 48 and 96 hours of culture, bovine luteal cells from day 90 of gestation produced more P4 than cells from day 210 (2.934±0.029 and 2.976±0.121 respectively x 2.760±0.059 and 2.695±0.149, respectively; p<0.05), which in turn, produced more P4 than cells from day 150 (2.334±0.084 for 48 h and 2.205±0.136 for 96 h). Luteal cells from day 150 of gestation presented a decreasing P4 production throughout the 96 hours of culture. These differences could be explained by differential gene expression of enzymes and/or factors belonging to the esteroidogenic cascade in accordance to the gestational period. The established luteal cell culture model could be used for further functional studies once P4 secretion pattern in vitro resembled what occurs in vivo.

Abstract in English:

Ristow P., Silva M.G., Fonseca L.S. & Lilenbaum W. 2006. [Evaluation of Mycobac-terium avium subsp. paratuberculosis faecal culture protocols and media.] Pesquisa Veteri-nária Brasileira 26(1):1-4. Mycobacteria Laboratory, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil. E-mail: paularistow@bigfoot.com Paratuberculosis is an important enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). The disease is officially considered exotic in Brazil, but recent serological surveys and the isolation of the agent suggest it may occur in our herds. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different formulations of Herrold’s egg yolk agar with mycobactin J (HEYM) and four faecal culture protocols considering their ability for Map growth as well as cost and ease of application. Three formulations of HEYM were inoculated with two suspensions of Map. Spiked faeces and naturally contaminated faecal samples were treated by the four faecal culture protocols. Centrifugation protocol and HEYM recommended by OIE showed the best results on the recovery of Map.

• Paratuberculosis bovine diagnosis mycobacterium.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Ristow P., Silva M.G., Fonseca L.S. & Lilenbaum W. 2006. [Evaluation of Mycobac-terium avium subsp. paratuberculosis faecal culture protocols and media.] Pesquisa Veteri-nária Brasileira 26(1):1-4. Mycobacteria Laboratory, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil. E-mail: paularistow@bigfoot.com Paratuberculosis is an important enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). The disease is officially considered exotic in Brazil, but recent serological surveys and the isolation of the agent suggest it may occur in our herds. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different formulations of Herrold’s egg yolk agar with mycobactin J (HEYM) and four faecal culture protocols considering their ability for Map growth as well as cost and ease of application. Three formulations of HEYM were inoculated with two suspensions of Map. Spiked faeces and naturally contaminated faecal samples were treated by the four faecal culture protocols. Centrifugation protocol and HEYM recommended by OIE showed the best results on the recovery of Map.

Abstract in English:

Diel D.G., Fonseca E.T., Souza S.F., Mazzanti A., Bauermann F., Weiblen R. & Flores E.F. 2005. [Bovine herpesvirus 5 may use the olfactory and trigeminal pathways to invade the central nervous system of rabbits, depending upon the route of inoculation.] O Herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BoHV-5) pode utilizar as rotas olfatória ou trigeminal para invadir o sistema nervoso central de coelhos, dependendo da via de inoculação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(3):164-170. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: flores@ccr.ufsm.br Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is a major etiological agent of meningoencephalitis in cattle. Following replication in the nasal mucosa, viral invasion of the brain is thought to occur mainly by the olfactory pathway. To address the role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of neurological infection in a laboratory model, 30 days old rabbits had the main olfactory bulbs (MOBs) surgically removed and were subsequently inoculated intranasally (IN) or conjunctivally (IC) with a highly neurovirulent BoHV-5 strain (SV-507). Following IN inoculation, 10 out of 10 (100 %) control rabbits developed neurological disease. The clinical onset ranged from day 5 to 10 post-inoculation (pi, average 7.5 days); nine being euthanized in extremis and one recovering after a mild clinical course. In contrast, only one rabbit (9.1 %) of the group lacking the MOBs (n=11) developed neurological disease (onset at day 17 pi). Dexamethasone administration to the survivors (n=10) at day 50pi was followed by virus shedding in nasal and/or ocular secretions by 8 animals, demonstrating that the virus was able to reach the trigeminal ganglia (TG) during acute infection. These results demonstrate that the olfactory route provides the main, yet not the sole access to the brain of rabbits following IN inoculation. To address the role of a second pathway, groups of control (n=12) or MOB-lacking rabbits (n=12) were inoculated into the conjunctival sac (IC), following which the virus would be expected to use the ophtalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve to reach the brain. Ten control rabbits (83.3 %) developed neurological disease upon IC inoculation (onset 15.3 days [11 to 20]). Previous ablation of the MOBs did not affect the frequency and course of neurological disease: ten out of 12 rabbits (83.3 %) lacking the MOBs developed neurological disease (onset 9 to 15 dpi, average: 12.7 days) upon IC inoculation. These results demonstrate that both IN and IC routes may operate in the transport of BoHV-5 to the brain of experimentally infected rabbits, depending on the route of inoculation. IN inoculation results in a fast and efficient transport by the olfactory pathway, the trigeminal route providing an alternative, much slower and less efficient transport; IC inoculation results in efficient viral transport by the trigeminal route, yet with a delayed kinetics comparing to the transport provided by the olfactory pathway.

• Bovine herpesvirus type 5 BoHV-5 neurological infection rabbits.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Diel D.G., Fonseca E.T., Souza S.F., Mazzanti A., Bauermann F., Weiblen R. & Flores E.F. 2005. [Bovine herpesvirus 5 may use the olfactory and trigeminal pathways to invade the central nervous system of rabbits, depending upon the route of inoculation.] O Herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BoHV-5) pode utilizar as rotas olfatória ou trigeminal para invadir o sistema nervoso central de coelhos, dependendo da via de inoculação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(3):164-170. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: flores@ccr.ufsm.br Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is a major etiological agent of meningoencephalitis in cattle. Following replication in the nasal mucosa, viral invasion of the brain is thought to occur mainly by the olfactory pathway. To address the role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of neurological infection in a laboratory model, 30 days old rabbits had the main olfactory bulbs (MOBs) surgically removed and were subsequently inoculated intranasally (IN) or conjunctivally (IC) with a highly neurovirulent BoHV-5 strain (SV-507). Following IN inoculation, 10 out of 10 (100 %) control rabbits developed neurological disease. The clinical onset ranged from day 5 to 10 post-inoculation (pi, average 7.5 days); nine being euthanized in extremis and one recovering after a mild clinical course. In contrast, only one rabbit (9.1 %) of the group lacking the MOBs (n=11) developed neurological disease (onset at day 17 pi). Dexamethasone administration to the survivors (n=10) at day 50pi was followed by virus shedding in nasal and/or ocular secretions by 8 animals, demonstrating that the virus was able to reach the trigeminal ganglia (TG) during acute infection. These results demonstrate that the olfactory route provides the main, yet not the sole access to the brain of rabbits following IN inoculation. To address the role of a second pathway, groups of control (n=12) or MOB-lacking rabbits (n=12) were inoculated into the conjunctival sac (IC), following which the virus would be expected to use the ophtalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve to reach the brain. Ten control rabbits (83.3 %) developed neurological disease upon IC inoculation (onset 15.3 days [11 to 20]). Previous ablation of the MOBs did not affect the frequency and course of neurological disease: ten out of 12 rabbits (83.3 %) lacking the MOBs developed neurological disease (onset 9 to 15 dpi, average: 12.7 days) upon IC inoculation. These results demonstrate that both IN and IC routes may operate in the transport of BoHV-5 to the brain of experimentally infected rabbits, depending on the route of inoculation. IN inoculation results in a fast and efficient transport by the olfactory pathway, the trigeminal route providing an alternative, much slower and less efficient transport; IC inoculation results in efficient viral transport by the trigeminal route, yet with a delayed kinetics comparing to the transport provided by the olfactory pathway.

Abstract in English:

Oliveira A., Fonseca A.H., Ishikawa M.M. & Yoshinari N.H. 2004. [Cinetic growth of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetaceae) in different culture media.] Cinética do crescimento de Borrelia burgdorferi em diferentes meios de cultivo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(2):61-64. Depto Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: adivaldo@ufrrj.br The cinetic of growth of Borrelia burgdorferi was studied during a 3-month period, using the following 8 culture media: (1) rabbit serum BSK, (2) swine serum BSK, (3) swine serum BSK+5 fluorouracil, (4) PMR, (5) CTB, (6) Dubos, (7) Brucella broth and (8) BHI. All media were prepared aseptically and were maintained in culture tubes of 10 ml capacity. For each medium, the inoculum was standardized to contain initially 102 spirochetes for each 0.1 ml of culture. The growth was monitorized by counting the total number of spirochetes in 0.1ml of medium in a dark field microscope, using a 10x30 mm cover slip. For the first 12 days, counting was done each 24 hours, and afterwards once a week during 14 weeks. There occurred growth of B. burgdorferi in all tested media, with the best performance of three of them: BSK with rabbit serum, BSK swine serum + 5 fluorouracil, and CTB medium. Growth of B. burgdorferi was seen from the 4th week on, reaching its maximum within 8-12 weeks, depleting the culture medium after this time. Cystic forms of B. burgdorferi were observed with all tested media.

• Culture medium Borrelia burgdorferi borreliosis Spirochaetaceae bacteria cultivation cinetic growth cystic forms.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Oliveira A., Fonseca A.H., Ishikawa M.M. & Yoshinari N.H. 2004. [Cinetic growth of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetaceae) in different culture media.] Cinética do crescimento de Borrelia burgdorferi em diferentes meios de cultivo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(2):61-64. Depto Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: adivaldo@ufrrj.br The cinetic of growth of Borrelia burgdorferi was studied during a 3-month period, using the following 8 culture media: (1) rabbit serum BSK, (2) swine serum BSK, (3) swine serum BSK+5 fluorouracil, (4) PMR, (5) CTB, (6) Dubos, (7) Brucella broth and (8) BHI. All media were prepared aseptically and were maintained in culture tubes of 10 ml capacity. For each medium, the inoculum was standardized to contain initially 102 spirochetes for each 0.1 ml of culture. The growth was monitorized by counting the total number of spirochetes in 0.1ml of medium in a dark field microscope, using a 10x30 mm cover slip. For the first 12 days, counting was done each 24 hours, and afterwards once a week during 14 weeks. There occurred growth of B. burgdorferi in all tested media, with the best performance of three of them: BSK with rabbit serum, BSK swine serum + 5 fluorouracil, and CTB medium. Growth of B. burgdorferi was seen from the 4th week on, reaching its maximum within 8-12 weeks, depleting the culture medium after this time. Cystic forms of B. burgdorferi were observed with all tested media.

Abstract in English:

Sallis E.S.V., Raffi M.B. & Riet-Correa F. 2004. [Experimental poisoning in sheep with frozen or dried Ramaria flavo-brunnescens.] Intoxicação experimental em ovinos com Ramaria flavo-brunnescens congelada ou dessecada. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(2):107-110. Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 354, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil. E-mail: esvsallis@yahoo.com.br Ramaria flavo-brunnescens is a toxic mushroom affecting cattle and sheep. Its active principle is unknown. The experiment was done to obtain information about the toxicity of the mushroom after been frozen or dried. R. flavo-brunnescens was collected in autumn 1991. One part was frozen at –15ºC for 2-4 months, and another was dried in the shade. Other samples collected at the same time were given immediately after harvest to two sheep, at a total dose of 200 g/kg for 3 and 4 days, causing severe poisoning. The dried mushroom did not cause clinical signs at doses of 60 and 75 g/kg bw (equivalent to 400 and 500 g/kg of the fresh mushroom). The frozen mushroom at 200 g/kg bw caused hyperthermia, depression, hyperemia of the sclera and hemorrhages of the anterior chamber of the eye. Sheep that ingested 350 and 400 g/kg bw showed also nervous signs, and with the highest dose hyperemic lesions of the coronary band. All sheep recovered within 3 to 12 days. Clinical signs when given the frozen mushroom were less severe than clinical signs induced by the fresh mushroom. These results showed loss of toxicity of the dried material and decrease of toxicity of the frozen mushroom. It is suggested that chemical analyses for the toxic principle can be performed with the frozen or lyophilized mushroom.

• Poisonous plants toxic mushroom Ramaria flavo-brunnescens sheep.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Sallis E.S.V., Raffi M.B. & Riet-Correa F. 2004. [Experimental poisoning in sheep with frozen or dried Ramaria flavo-brunnescens.] Intoxicação experimental em ovinos com Ramaria flavo-brunnescens congelada ou dessecada. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(2):107-110. Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 354, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil. E-mail: esvsallis@yahoo.com.br Ramaria flavo-brunnescens is a toxic mushroom affecting cattle and sheep. Its active principle is unknown. The experiment was done to obtain information about the toxicity of the mushroom after been frozen or dried. R. flavo-brunnescens was collected in autumn 1991. One part was frozen at –15ºC for 2-4 months, and another was dried in the shade. Other samples collected at the same time were given immediately after harvest to two sheep, at a total dose of 200 g/kg for 3 and 4 days, causing severe poisoning. The dried mushroom did not cause clinical signs at doses of 60 and 75 g/kg bw (equivalent to 400 and 500 g/kg of the fresh mushroom). The frozen mushroom at 200 g/kg bw caused hyperthermia, depression, hyperemia of the sclera and hemorrhages of the anterior chamber of the eye. Sheep that ingested 350 and 400 g/kg bw showed also nervous signs, and with the highest dose hyperemic lesions of the coronary band. All sheep recovered within 3 to 12 days. Clinical signs when given the frozen mushroom were less severe than clinical signs induced by the fresh mushroom. These results showed loss of toxicity of the dried material and decrease of toxicity of the frozen mushroom. It is suggested that chemical analyses for the toxic principle can be performed with the frozen or lyophilized mushroom.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Pimentel Neto M. & Fonseca A.H. 2002. [Epidemiology of pulmonary and gastrintestinal helmintoses in calves in the lowland of the state of Rio de Janeiro.] Epidemiologia das helmintoses pulmonares e gastrintestinais de bezerros em região de baixada do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(4):148-152. Depto Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brazil. E-mail: adivaldo@ufrrj.br The epidemiology of pulmonary and gastrintestinal helmintoses of calves has been studied in cross-bred Zebu-Friesian calves, 6 to 9 month old, with natural infections. The calves were maintained in permanent pasturing in the lowland, with climate Aw, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The experiments had the duration of 24 months. At the end the animais were bearer of natural infection of several helminth species. The research was based on fecal analysis and necropsies of at least four calves every 28 days. The animais maintained in permanent pasturing showed tendency to have larger helminth populations in autumn and spring. The graphical representation of an ellipse, obtained through the relationship of total rainfall and average minimum temperature per month, was effective in demonstrating the potential for clinical parasitism in autumn and spring.

• Epidemiology pulmonary and gastrintestinal helmintoses Haemonchus placei Cooperia sp Oesophagostomum radiatum calves Epidemiologia helmintoses pulmonares e gastrintestinais bezerros.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Pimentel Neto M. & Fonseca A.H. 2002. [Epidemiology of pulmonary and gastrintestinal helmintoses in calves in the lowland of the state of Rio de Janeiro.] Epidemiologia das helmintoses pulmonares e gastrintestinais de bezerros em região de baixada do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(4):148-152. Depto Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brazil. E-mail: adivaldo@ufrrj.br Foi estudada a epidemiologia das helmintoses pulmonares e gastrintestinais em bezerros mestiços (Zebu x Holandês) mantidos em regime de pastoreio permanente em região de baixada, correspondente ao clima Aw, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os animais tinham entre 6 e 9 meses de idade, e o experimento teve duração de 24 meses. Os animais eram portadores de infecção natural por diversas espécies de helmintos e o trabalho baseou-se na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes e necropsias de pelo menos quatro animais a cada 28 dias. Observou-se a tendência dos animais abrigarem maiores populações de helmintos nas estações de outono e primavera. Os parâmetros bioclimatográficos representados por elipse, obtida por meio da relação precipitação pluviométrica e temperatura média das mínimas, foram eficientes para demonstrar o potencial de parasitose clínica, a qual correspondeu às estações de outono e primavera.