Abstract in English:
ABSTRACT.- Xavier D.B., Rosa A.H., Sena H.S., Teixeira D.S., Tomaz C. & Titze-de-Almeida R. 2010. Absence of intestinal colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci in nonhuman primates. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(6):491-496. Microbiologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Cx. Postal 04508, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil. E-mail: ricardo.titze@hotmail.com
The animal reservoirs of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have important role in the epidemiology of the bacteria and resistant genes. The present work searched fecal samples taken off nonhuman primates for the presence of VRE. Resistance profiles, virulence traits, and genetic variability among enterococci isolates were also analyzed. The samples included Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella, n=28) and Common marmoset (Callithrix penicillata, n=37) housed in the Primate Center of the University of Brasília, Brazil. Most individuals were captive monkeys from the Central-West and South-East regions of Brazil (n=48). We collected rectal swabs and carried out selective isolation followed by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to identify species and resistance genes. No vanA or vanB-containing enterococci were found. The carriage rates ranged from 1.5% for the VanC-type E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum until 12.3% (n=8) for Enterococcus faecalis. All E. faecalis isolates showed susceptibility to vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin, gentamicin, and streptomycin. The virulence genes ace and esp were prevalent (100.0%, 87.5%). Multilocus variable number of tandem repeats (MLVA) revealed diversity in the number of repeats among E. faecalis isolates and targets, which was higher for espC, efa5, and efa6. We identified six different MLVA genotypes that were divergent from those described in human beings. Also, they were clustered into two genogroups that showed host-specificity for the species Cebus apella or Callithrix penicillata. In conclusion, no vanA- or vanB-containing enterococci were found colonizing those primate individuals. This finding suggested that the primate individuals investigated in our study are not directly involved in the epidemiological chain of high-level vancomycin-resistant genes vanA or vanB in Brazil. Our study also showed that E. faecalis isolated from nonhuman primates carry virulence traits and have ability to spread their lineages among different individuals.
Abstract in Portuguese:
RESUMO.- Xavier D.B., Rosa A.H., Sena H.S., Teixeira D.S., Tomaz C. & Titze-de-Almeida R. 2010. Absence of intestinal colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci in nonhuman primates. [Ausência de enterococos resistentes à vancomicina na microbiota intestinal de primatas não-humanos.] Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(6):491-496. Microbiologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Cx. Postal 04508, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil. E-mail: ricardo.titze@hotmail.com
Os reservatórios animais de Enterococos Resistentes à Vancomicina (VRE) têm um importante papel na epidemiologia destas bactérias e dos respectivos genes de resistência. O presente estudo examinou a presença de VRE em amostras fecais obtidas de primatas não-humanos. Foram analisados os perfis de resistência, as características de virulência e a variabilidade genética dos isolados. A amostragem incluiu macacos Prego (Cebus apella, n=28) e Sagüis do cerrado (Callithrix penicillata, n=37) alojados no Centro de Primatologia da Universidade de Brasília, Brasil. A maioria dos indivíduos amostrados foram macacos apreendidos na região Centro-Oeste e Sudeste do Brasil (n=48). Assim, foram coletados swabs retais e realizado o isolamento seletivo, seguido da Reação de Polimerização em Cadeia (PCR) multiplex para identificar espécies e genes de resistência. Não foram isolados enterococos contendo os genes vanA ou vanB. A porcentagem de enterococos variou de 1,5% para E. casseliflavus e E. gallinarum VanC até 12,3% (n=8) para Enterococcus faecalis. A totalidade dos isolados da espécie E. faecalis demonstrou sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos vancomicina, teicoplanina, ampicilina, gentamicina e estreptomicina. Os genes de virulência ace e esp foram prevalentes (100%, 87.5%). A análise em multilocus de repetições em tandem de número variável (MLVA) revelou diversidade no número de repetições entre os isolados de E. faecalis, que foi mais alta para espC, efa5 e efa6. Foram identificados seis diferentes genotipos de MVLA, divergindo daqueles já descritos em humanos. Os genotipos foram ainda agrupados em dois genogrupos, demonstrando especificidade de hospedeiro para as espécies Cebus apella ou Callithrix penicillata. Concluindo, não foram isoladas linhagens de enterococos contendo os genes vanA ou vanB colonizando as espécies de primatas analisadas. O presente estudo demonstrou que os isolados de E. faecalis obtidos de primatas não-humanos apresentam determinantes de virulência e possuem a habilidade de disseminar linhagens entre diferentes indivíduos.
Abstract in English:
ABSTRACT.- Abreu D.L.C., Franco R.M., Nascimento E.R., Pereira V.L.A., Alves F.M.X. & Almeida J.F. 2010. [Profile of antimicrobial resistance and detection of iss gene by the polymerase chain reaction in the typification of pathogenic Escherichia coli in meat type quails under sanitary inspection.] Perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana e detecção do gene iss pela reação em cadeia da polimerase na tipificação de Escherichia coli patogênica em codornas de corte sob inspeção sanitária. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(5):406-410. Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24320-340, Brazil. E-mail: dayseabreu@predialnet.com.br
The pathogenicity of Escherichia coli strains is partially related to the expression of virulence factors genes, present in genetic elements called plasmids. APEC strains responsible for diseases in birds may present the iss gene which increases the resistance of E. coli strains to the lityc effect of the host’s serum, besides resistance to several antimicrobials. This study was conduced in order to detect E. coli in tracheae of meat-type quails and to evaluate, by the presence of the iss gene and the profile of antimicrobial susceptibility, the pathogenic potential of the isolated samples for birds and humans. One hundred and eighty tracheae of quails were collected for detection of E. coli, antimicrobial sensitivity tests, and for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for detection of iss gene. From the examined quails, 8.9 % (16/180) were positive for E. coli, from which 20 strains of this bacterium were obtained. Most of them were resistant to Tetracycline (16/20), followed by Ceftadizime (13/20) and Nalidixic-acid (12/20) and only one isolate was resistant to Amoxicillin. The detection of iss gene occurred in 55% (11/20) of the isolates, indicating that these strains had the potential to be pathogenic not only for quails, but also for other kinds of birds, other animals and even human beings that would be in contact with these E. coli isolates.
Abstract in Portuguese:
RESUMO.- Abreu D.L.C., Franco R.M., Nascimento E.R., Pereira V.L.A., Alves F.M.X. & Almeida J.F. 2010. [Profile of antimicrobial resistance and detection of iss gene by the polymerase chain reaction in the typification of pathogenic Escherichia coli in meat type quails under sanitary inspection.] Perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana e detecção do gene iss pela reação em cadeia da polimerase na tipificação de Escherichia coli patogênica em codornas de corte sob inspeção sanitária. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(5):406-410. Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24320-340, Brazil. E-mail: dayseabreu@predialnet.com.br
A patogenicidade das cepas de Escherichia coli está relacionada à expressão de fatores de virulência encontrados em elementos genéticos denominados plasmídios. O patotipo APEC, responsável por diferentes tipos de doenças em aves, pode apresentar o gene iss que aumenta a resistência das cepas de E. coli aos efeitos líticos do soro, além da resistência a diversos antimicrobianos. Este estudo foi conduzido para detectar E. coli em traquéias de codornas destinadas ao abate e avaliar, pela presença do gene iss e o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana, o potencial patogênico para aves e humanos dos isolados obtidos. Foram coletadas 180 traquéias de codornas para detecção de E. coli, determinação do perfil de resistência a agentes antimicrobianos e posterior detecção, por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), do gene iss. Das traquéias analisadas, 8,9 % (16/180) foram positivas para E. coli, sendo obtidos 20 isolados deste agente. A maioria dos isolados foi resistente à Tetraciclina (16/20), seguida pela Ceftazidima (13/20) e Ácido Nalidíxico (12/20), sendo apenas um resistente à Amoxicilina. A detecção do gene iss ocorreu em 55% (11/20) dos isolados. A presença do gene iss e a resistência a múltiplos antimicrobianos dos isolados obtidos neste estudo pode indicar um possível potencial patogênico das cepas de E. coli tanto para codornas quanto para outros tipos de aves e animais e mesmo para o ser humano que fique em contato com as mesmas.
Abstract in English:
RESUMO.- Sczesny-Moraes E.A., Bianchin I., Silva K.F., Catto J.B., Honer M.R. & Paiva F. 2010. [Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.] Resistência anti-helmíntica de nematóides gastrintestinais em ovinos, Mato Grosso do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(3):229-236. Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil. E-mail: eurico_sczesny@hotmail.com
Entre os métodos de controle da verminose gastrintestinal em ovinos, a utilização de produtos químicos é o mais empregado. Porém, o uso indiscriminado e continuado desses produtos tem selecionado populações de helmintos resistentes aos anti-helmínticos, fenômeno relatado no mundo todo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as espécies de parasitos gastrintestinais e diagnosticar a situação da resistência anti-helmíntica em ovinos no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram realizados testes de redução na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) em rebanhos de dezesseis propriedades rurais; as sete formulações utilizadas continham as seguintes bases farmacológicas: Albendazol, Ivermectina, Levamisole, Triclorfon, Moxidectina, Closantel e uma contendo as três primeiras associadas. As espécies identificadas nas necropsias, em ovinos adultos, foram: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia curticei, C. punctata, C. pectinata e Oesophagostomum columbianum; em ordem de prevalência. As formulações contendo Albendazol e Ivermectina não apresentaram eficácia na redução de OPG nos rebanhos testados, com médias de redução de 0,7 e -19,6%, respectivamente. Closantel apresentou eficácia média de 6,7%; Levamisole, Moxidectina e Triclorfon de 28,7, 26,8 e 65%, respectivamente; a associação das três bases (Albendazol, Ivermectina e Levamisole), uma média de eficácia de 55,8%. As percentagens médias de larvas infectantes recuperadas nas coproculturas, tanto no pré como no pós-tratamento, foram semelhantes; indicando que a resistência às bases testadas está presente em todas as espécies citadas, em maior ou menor intensidade. Os dois gêneros predominantemente resistentes são Haemonchus sp., com 86,9%; seguido por Trichostrongylus sp., com média de 47,5%; Strongyloides sp. 33,6%; Oesophagostomum, sp. 21,4% e Cooperia sp. 19,7%.
Abstract in Portuguese:
ABSTRACT.- Sczesny-Moraes E.A., Bianchin I., Silva K.F., Catto J.B., Honer M.R. & Paiva F. 2010. [Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.] Resistência anti-helmíntica de nematóides gastrintestinais em ovinos, Mato Grosso do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(3):229-236. Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil. E-mail: eurico_sczesny@hotmail.com
Among the methods of control of gastrointestinal worms in sheep, the use of chemicals is the most common. However, the continued, and indiscriminate, use of these products has selected populations of resistant helminths to anthelmintics, a phenomenon reported in the whole world. This study aimed to identify the species of gastrointestinal parasites and diagnose the status of anthelmintic resistance in sheep in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil. Feacal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were performed in flocks of sixteen farms, and the seven formulations used contained the following pharmacological bases: Albendazole, Ivermectin, Levamizol, Trichlorfon, Moxidectin, Closantel and one containing the first three in association. The species identified at necropsy, in adult sheep, were: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia curticei, C. punctata, C. pectinata and Oesophagostomum columbianum, in order of prevalence. The formulations containing Albendazole and Ivermectin did not show efficacy in reducing the EPG in the flocks tested, with average reductions of 0.7 and -19.6%, respectively. Closantel presented an average efficacy of 6.7%; Levamisolee, Moxidectin and Trichlorfon, 28.7, 26.8 and 65% respectively, the combination of three bases (Albendazole, Ivermectin and Levamizol), an average efficacy of 55.8 %. The average percentages of infective larvae recovered in the faecal cultures, pre and post treatment were similar, indicating that resistance to the bases tested is present in all species cited, to a greater or lesser degree. The two genera predominantly resistant are Haemonchus sp., with 86.9%, followed by Trichostrongylus sp., with an average of 47.5%, Strongyloides sp. 33.6%, Oesophagostomum sp. 21.4% and Cooperia sp. 19.7%.
Abstract in English:
ABSTRACT.- Rangel P. & Marin J.M. 2009. Analysis of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitic milk. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(5):363-368. Departamento de Morfologia, Estomatologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil. E-mail: jmmarin@forp.usp.br
Mastitis has been recognized for some time as the most costly disease in dairy herds. From February to November 2004, 670 samples of bovine mastitic milk from which 231 Escherichia coli strains were isolated, were collected from two Brazilian states. The strains were screened for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing (stx 1 and stx 2) and intimin (eae) genes. Twenty (8.6%) strains were detected by PCR to harbor the Shiga toxin genes (8 the stx 1 gene, 12 the stx 2 gene and none both of them). Two (0.8%) of the Escherichia coli strains studied were eae positive non Shiga toxin-producing. The strains were also examined for resistance to 12 antimicrobial agents. The predominantly observed resistance was to tetracycline (92.2%), streptomycin (90.4%), nalidixic acid (88.3%), amikacin (86.5%) and cephalothin (84.8%). Multidrug resistance was found among 152 isolates (65.8%).
Abstract in Portuguese:
ABSTRACT.- Rangel P. & Marin J.M. 2009. Analysis of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitic milk. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(5):363-368. Departamento de Morfologia, Estomatologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil. E-mail: jmmarin@forp.usp.br
Mastitis has been recognized for some time as the most costly disease in dairy herds. From February to November 2004, 670 samples of bovine mastitic milk from which 231 Escherichia coli strains were isolated, were collected from two Brazilian states. The strains were screened for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing (stx 1 and stx 2) and intimin (eae) genes. Twenty (8.6%) strains were detected by PCR to harbor the Shiga toxin genes (8 the stx 1 gene, 12 the stx 2 gene and none both of them). Two (0.8%) of the Escherichia coli strains studied were eae positive non Shiga toxin-producing. The strains were also examined for resistance to 12 antimicrobial agents. The predominantly observed resistance was to tetracycline (92.2%), streptomycin (90.4%), nalidixic acid (88.3%), amikacin (86.5%) and cephalothin (84.8%). Multidrug resistance was found among 152 isolates (65.8%).
Abstract in English:
ABSTRACT.- Coelho S.M.O., Reinoso E., Pereira I.A., Soares L.C., Demo M., Bogni C & Souza M.M.S. 2009. Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylo-coccus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Rio de Janeiro. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(5):369-374. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: miliane@ufrrj.br
The study was conducted to characterize pheno-genotypically the virulence factors and resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk samples of cows with subclinical mastitis. All hemolytic isolates presented beta-hemolysin, and 38% of the non-hemolytic isolates were able to express hemolysins in the presence of a beta-hemolytic strain. The amplification of the coa-gene displayed four different size polymorphisms with about 400 bp, 600 bp, 700 bp and 900 bp. The spaA gene that encodes the IgG-binding region of protein A revealed sizes of 700 bp and 900 bp. The amplification of region X from spaA yielded a single amplicon for each isolate with the prevalent amplicon size being of 180 bp. Amplification of sae gene yielded an amplicon size of 920 bp in 71% of the isolates. Antibiotic resistance pattern revealed that 42% S. aureus were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Seven different antibiotic patterns were observed. Our results indicated that 47% and 25% of S. aureus strains exhibited resistance to penicillin and oxacillin respectively. All oxacillin-resistant isolates were mecA-positive.
Abstract in Portuguese:
ABSTRACT.- Coelho S.M.O., Reinoso E., Pereira I.A., Soares L.C., Demo M., Bogni C & Souza M.M.S. 2009. Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylo-coccus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Rio de Janeiro. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(5):369-374. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: miliane@ufrrj.br
The study was conducted to characterize pheno-genotypically the virulence factors and resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk samples of cows with subclinical mastitis. All hemolytic isolates presented beta-hemolysin, and 38% of the non-hemolytic isolates were able to express hemolysins in the presence of a beta-hemolytic strain. The amplification of the coa-gene displayed four different size polymorphisms with about 400 bp, 600 bp, 700 bp and 900 bp. The spaA gene that encodes the IgG-binding region of protein A revealed sizes of 700 bp and 900 bp. The amplification of region X from spaA yielded a single amplicon for each isolate with the prevalent amplicon size being of 180 bp. Amplification of sae gene yielded an amplicon size of 920 bp in 71% of the isolates. Antibiotic resistance pattern revealed that 42% S. aureus were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Seven different antibiotic patterns were observed. Our results indicated that 47% and 25% of S. aureus strains exhibited resistance to penicillin and oxacillin respectively. All oxacillin-resistant isolates were mecA-positive.
Abstract in English:
ABSTRACT.- Sampaio R.S., Lacerda M.S., Oliveira P.C.L., Paneto J.C.C., Bittar E.R., Borges G.A., Camacho G.M.M. & Braga E.M. 2009. [Variation of the resistance force to the micro-traction of fragments of cortical bones preserved in several means and fresh: Experimental study in rabbits.] Variação da força de resistência à micro-tração de fragmentos de ossos corticais preservados e a fresco: estudo experimental em coelhos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(4):345-352. Instituto de Estudos Avançados em Veterinária “José Caetano Borges”, Universidade de Uberaba, Av. Afrânio Azevedo 2140, Bairro Olinda, Uberaba, MG 38020-450, Brazil. E-mail: relisampa@terra.com.br
Due to the increasing use of cortical bone allografts in orthopedic surgeries, de knowledge of its biomechanics characteristics during preservation time is needed. The present study consisted in the analyses of the resistance power to the micro-traction of samples of rabbit cortical bones preserved in several means for up to 180 days and fresh. The results showed that the resistance and the preservation time presented an inversely proportional relation, meaning that, the longer the time of preservation, the shorter the physical resistance evaluated in the biomechanical rehearsal of resistance to the micro-traction. The glycerin has presented lower values in relation to the resistance test, showing, after 30 days, only 24.58% of the present power in the fresh bone, and by 180 days, 1.76%. The samples submitted to autoclavation also showed low values by the end of the experiment, while they remained with just 12.31% of the power present in the fresh bone. The bones preserved in homologous plasma, Dakin liquid and the ones cryopreserved showed the best levels of resistance at the end of the experiment, remaining, respectively with 82.47, 70.34 and 66.72% of the maximum power, while compared with the resistance of the fresh bones. The conclusion is that the choice of methodology and time of preservation interfered directly in the biomechanics of the cortical bones, promoting decrease of the resistance capacity to the traction along the period of preservation.
Abstract in Portuguese:
ABSTRACT.- Sampaio R.S., Lacerda M.S., Oliveira P.C.L., Paneto J.C.C., Bittar E.R., Borges G.A., Camacho G.M.M. & Braga E.M. 2009. [Variation of the resistance force to the micro-traction of fragments of cortical bones preserved in several means and fresh: Experimental study in rabbits.] Variação da força de resistência à micro-tração de fragmentos de ossos corticais preservados e a fresco: estudo experimental em coelhos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(4):345-352. Instituto de Estudos Avançados em Veterinária “José Caetano Borges”, Universidade de Uberaba, Av. Afrânio Azevedo 2140, Bairro Olinda, Uberaba, MG 38020-450, Brazil. E-mail: relisampa@terra.com.br
Due to the increasing use of cortical bone allografts in orthopedic surgeries, de knowledge of its biomechanics characteristics during preservation time is needed. The present study consisted in the analyses of the resistance power to the micro-traction of samples of rabbit cortical bones preserved in several means for up to 180 days and fresh. The results showed that the resistance and the preservation time presented an inversely proportional relation, meaning that, the longer the time of preservation, the shorter the physical resistance evaluated in the biomechanical rehearsal of resistance to the micro-traction. The glycerin has presented lower values in relation to the resistance test, showing, after 30 days, only 24.58% of the present power in the fresh bone, and by 180 days, 1.76%. The samples submitted to autoclavation also showed low values by the end of the experiment, while they remained with just 12.31% of the power present in the fresh bone. The bones preserved in homologous plasma, Dakin liquid and the ones cryopreserved showed the best levels of resistance at the end of the experiment, remaining, respectively with 82.47, 70.34 and 66.72% of the maximum power, while compared with the resistance of the fresh bones. The conclusion is that the choice of methodology and time of preservation interfered directly in the biomechanics of the cortical bones, promoting decrease of the resistance capacity to the traction along the period of preservation.
Abstract in English:
ABSTRACT.- Pereira I.A., Soares L.C., Coelho S.M.O., Pribul B.R. & Souza M.M.S. 2009. [Susceptibility to azithromycin of bacteria isolated from infectious processes in dogs and cats.] Suscetibilidade à azitromicina de isolados bacterianos de processos infecciosos em cães e gatos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(2):153-156. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: miliane@ufrrj.br
The susceptibility pattern to azithromycin of bacterial pathogens from various infectious sites, and the in vitro activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azithromycin were studied. Tests such as disc diffusion and broth microdilution detected respectively 48.6% and 55% of resistant Staphylococcus spp., and 55.3% and 72.7% resistant gram-negative rods. MIC50 for S. aureus was 4.0mg/mL, that for S. intermedius was 1.0mg/mL, for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus e”512mg/mL, and for gram-negative rods 256mg/mL. Fifteen percent (9/60) of oxacilin-resistant, multidrug-resistant and mecA-positive Staphylococcus spp. isolates were also azithromycin resistant. The dissemination of multidrug resistant bacteria points out to the need of antimicrobial evaluation activity in order to select the best indicated drug and thus minimizing therapeutic failures in veterinary practice.
Abstract in Portuguese:
ABSTRACT.- Pereira I.A., Soares L.C., Coelho S.M.O., Pribul B.R. & Souza M.M.S. 2009. [Susceptibility to azithromycin of bacteria isolated from infectious processes in dogs and cats.] Suscetibilidade à azitromicina de isolados bacterianos de processos infecciosos em cães e gatos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(2):153-156. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: miliane@ufrrj.br
The susceptibility pattern to azithromycin of bacterial pathogens from various infectious sites, and the in vitro activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azithromycin were studied. Tests such as disc diffusion and broth microdilution detected respectively 48.6% and 55% of resistant Staphylococcus spp., and 55.3% and 72.7% resistant gram-negative rods. MIC50 for S. aureus was 4.0mg/mL, that for S. intermedius was 1.0mg/mL, for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus e”512mg/mL, and for gram-negative rods 256mg/mL. Fifteen percent (9/60) of oxacilin-resistant, multidrug-resistant and mecA-positive Staphylococcus spp. isolates were also azithromycin resistant. The dissemination of multidrug resistant bacteria points out to the need of antimicrobial evaluation activity in order to select the best indicated drug and thus minimizing therapeutic failures in veterinary practice.
Abstract in English:
ABSTRACT.- Ribeiro M.G., Geraldo J.S., Langoni H., Lara G.H.B., Siqueira A.K., Salerno T. & Fernandes M.C. 2008. [Pathogenic microorganisms, somatic cell count and drug residues evaluation in organic bovine milk.] Microrganismos patogênicos, celularidade e resíduos de antimicrobianos no leite produzido no sistema orgânico. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(1):52-58. Disciplina de Enfermidades Infecciosas dos Animais, Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil. E-mail: mgribeiro@fmvz.unesp.br
In last years increase the importance of milk quality and conditions of bovine milking. Simultaneously, increase the interest about organic milk and derivates. The aim of present study was investigate the milk pathogens, sensitivity and multiple drug resistance of isolates, somatic cell count and residues of drugs in milk, from cattle with and without mastitis, come from four little organic dairy farms in State of São Paulo, Brazil. Were used 148 cattle on the middle period of lactation. From these, two showed clinical mastitis, 72 subclinical mastitis and 74 without signs of mammary inflammation (control). Staphylococcus aureus (25.7%), Streptococcus spp. (21.4%), Corynebacterium bovis (12.9%), Streptococcus agalactiae (4.3%) and Staphylococcus spp (4,3%) were the more-frequent microorganisms isolated from animals with mastitis. Aspergillus spp. was isolated from one animal. Ceftiofur (95.2%), oxacillin (84.2%), gentamicin (76.3%) and cefoperazone (70.3%) were the more effective drugs. High resistance of isolates were found to penicillin (53.5%), ampicillin (41.6%) and neomycin (38.6%). Multiple drug resistance to three or more drug was observed in 40 (39.6%) isolates. Media of somatic cell count encountered in animals with mastitis and controls were 175,742.67cs/mL and 58,227.6 cs/mL, respectively. Antimicrobials residues in milk were detected in four (2.7%) animals. The present findings showed the low somatic cell count of animals, indicative of good quality of milk. However, pointed the need of control measures for contagious pathogens of bovine mastitis and more attention for prohibition of antimicrobial use in organic dairy farms.
Abstract in Portuguese:
ABSTRACT.- Ribeiro M.G., Geraldo J.S., Langoni H., Lara G.H.B., Siqueira A.K., Salerno T. & Fernandes M.C. 2008. [Pathogenic microorganisms, somatic cell count and drug residues evaluation in organic bovine milk.] Microrganismos patogênicos, celularidade e resíduos de antimicrobianos no leite produzido no sistema orgânico. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(1):52-58. Disciplina de Enfermidades Infecciosas dos Animais, Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil. E-mail: mgribeiro@fmvz.unesp.br
In last years increase the importance of milk quality and conditions of bovine milking. Simultaneously, increase the interest about organic milk and derivates. The aim of present study was investigate the milk pathogens, sensitivity and multiple drug resistance of isolates, somatic cell count and residues of drugs in milk, from cattle with and without mastitis, come from four little organic dairy farms in State of São Paulo, Brazil. Were used 148 cattle on the middle period of lactation. From these, two showed clinical mastitis, 72 subclinical mastitis and 74 without signs of mammary inflammation (control). Staphylococcus aureus (25.7%), Streptococcus spp. (21.4%), Corynebacterium bovis (12.9%), Streptococcus agalactiae (4.3%) and Staphylococcus spp (4,3%) were the more-frequent microorganisms isolated from animals with mastitis. Aspergillus spp. was isolated from one animal. Ceftiofur (95.2%), oxacillin (84.2%), gentamicin (76.3%) and cefoperazone (70.3%) were the more effective drugs. High resistance of isolates were found to penicillin (53.5%), ampicillin (41.6%) and neomycin (38.6%). Multiple drug resistance to three or more drug was observed in 40 (39.6%) isolates. Media of somatic cell count encountered in animals with mastitis and controls were 175,742.67cs/mL and 58,227.6 cs/mL, respectively. Antimicrobials residues in milk were detected in four (2.7%) animals. The present findings showed the low somatic cell count of animals, indicative of good quality of milk. However, pointed the need of control measures for contagious pathogens of bovine mastitis and more attention for prohibition of antimicrobial use in organic dairy farms.
Abstract in English:
ABSTRACT.- Santos T.R.B., Farias N.A.R., Cunha Filho N.A., Pappen F.G. & Vaz Junior I.S. 2009. [Studies of the management of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Abordagem sobre o controle do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(1):65-70. Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Cx. Postal 354, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil. E-mail: tsantos@ufpel.edu.br
In the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, cattle become infested with Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus mainly between October and April due to the climatic conditions. In addition to knowing its life cycle, knowledge of parasite’s epidemiology is essential to establish management strategies. Epidemiological studies on resistance to acaricides in Rio Grande do Sul as well as in the rest of Brazil are scarce. Moreover, the large geographical area and the structural deficiency with respect to the use and access to databases make reliable data difficult to obtain. The present study surveyed the perception by cattle breeders in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul in regards of identification of R. (B.) microplus populations that are difficult to manage using acaricides, as well as the risk factors for the selection of resistant tick populations. Tick management data on beef cattle in 85 properties of seven municipalities were collected. The results revealed that the difficulty in tick management correlated positively with levels of education of the farm owners (up to elementary school, OR = 3.67 and p = 0.01) and with the yearly number of acaricide applications (over four, with OR = 4.05 and p= 0.006). These results also suggest that properties with more than 100 beef cattle under extensive farming conditions in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul show characteristics that may contribute to longer acaricide lifetimes as compared to other regions in the Country.
Abstract in Portuguese:
ABSTRACT.- Santos T.R.B., Farias N.A.R., Cunha Filho N.A., Pappen F.G. & Vaz Junior I.S. 2009. [Studies of the management of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Abordagem sobre o controle do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(1):65-70. Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Cx. Postal 354, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil. E-mail: tsantos@ufpel.edu.br
In the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, cattle become infested with Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus mainly between October and April due to the climatic conditions. In addition to knowing its life cycle, knowledge of parasite’s epidemiology is essential to establish management strategies. Epidemiological studies on resistance to acaricides in Rio Grande do Sul as well as in the rest of Brazil are scarce. Moreover, the large geographical area and the structural deficiency with respect to the use and access to databases make reliable data difficult to obtain. The present study surveyed the perception by cattle breeders in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul in regards of identification of R. (B.) microplus populations that are difficult to manage using acaricides, as well as the risk factors for the selection of resistant tick populations. Tick management data on beef cattle in 85 properties of seven municipalities were collected. The results revealed that the difficulty in tick management correlated positively with levels of education of the farm owners (up to elementary school, OR = 3.67 and p = 0.01) and with the yearly number of acaricide applications (over four, with OR = 4.05 and p= 0.006). These results also suggest that properties with more than 100 beef cattle under extensive farming conditions in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul show characteristics that may contribute to longer acaricide lifetimes as compared to other regions in the Country.
Abstract in English:
ABSTRACT.- Amarante A.F.T., Rocha R.A. & Bricarello P.A. 2006. Relationship of intestinal histology with the resistance to Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in three breeds of sheep. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 26(1):43-48. Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Cx. Postal 510, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil. E-mail: amarante@ibb.unesp.br
The study was carried out to evaluate the relationship of inflammatory intestinal cells with the resistance to Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections in three breeds of sheep (Santa Ines, Suffolk and Ile de France), naturally infected. Mast cells, eosinophils, and globule leucocytes were enumerated in intestinal mucosa. Histamine concentration was estimated in intestinal tissue samples and the length of male and female specimens were determined. The three breeds of sheep showed similar cellular response in the small intestine mucosa (P>0.05). There was extensive variation among sheep in the parasitological and inflammatory cell variables, even in lambs of the same breed. In general, animals presenting less inflammatory cells had a larger worm burden, higher fecal egg counts, and larger T. colubriformis worms. The inflammatory cells possibly impaired the parasite’s establishment, development, and survival.
Abstract in Portuguese:
ABSTRACT.- Amarante A.F.T., Rocha R.A. & Bricarello P.A. 2006. Relationship of intestinal histology with the resistance to Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in three breeds of sheep. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 26(1):43-48. Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Cx. Postal 510, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil. E-mail: amarante@ibb.unesp.br
The study was carried out to evaluate the relationship of inflammatory intestinal cells with the resistance to Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections in three breeds of sheep (Santa Ines, Suffolk and Ile de France), naturally infected. Mast cells, eosinophils, and globule leucocytes were enumerated in intestinal mucosa. Histamine concentration was estimated in intestinal tissue samples and the length of male and female specimens were determined. The three breeds of sheep showed similar cellular response in the small intestine mucosa (P>0.05). There was extensive variation among sheep in the parasitological and inflammatory cell variables, even in lambs of the same breed. In general, animals presenting less inflammatory cells had a larger worm burden, higher fecal egg counts, and larger T. colubriformis worms. The inflammatory cells possibly impaired the parasite’s establishment, development, and survival.