PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Anjos B.L., Irigoyen L.F., Fighera R.A., Gomes A.D., Kommers G.D & Barros C.S.L. 2008. [Acute poisoning by bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) in cattle in central Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Intoxicação aguda por samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) em bovinos na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):501-507. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Cases of acute poisoning by bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) in cattle from 10 small farms of seven municipalities of the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were reviewed. The study encompassed 6,256 necropsies of cattle considering a 43-year period and included 15 necropsies of cattle dying from acute bracken poisoning. Morbidity and mortality were 17.9% and lethality was virtually 100%. In 40% of the farms the disease occurred in small outbreaks affecting several cattle per farm and in 60% only one bovine was affected in each farm. Main clinical signs include fever (40-42°C), apathy, drooling, and hemorrhages; the latter were mainly from the gums, nostrils, and gastrointestinal tract. Multiple petechiae were observed in several mucosae and in the skin. Occasionally hematuria and blood in the milk were reported. The disease was invariably fatal after a course of approximately two days. Hematological changes included severe neutropenia, non-regenerative normocytic normochromic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Necropsy findings include hemorrhages o varying degrees in several organs and infarcts in the liver. Both hemorrhages and hepatic infarcts were confirmed histologically; clusters of bacterial rods and thrombosed vessels were associated with the infarcts. Marked bone marrow aplasia was a consistent finding in the four cases in which the marrow was evaluated.

• Diseases of cattle poisonous plants Pteridium aquilinum bracken fern hemorrhagic disorders pathology

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Anjos B.L., Irigoyen L.F., Fighera R.A., Gomes A.D., Kommers G.D & Barros C.S.L. 2008. [Acute poisoning by bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) in cattle in central Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Intoxicação aguda por samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) em bovinos na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):501-507. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Cases of acute poisoning by bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) in cattle from 10 small farms of seven municipalities of the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were reviewed. The study encompassed 6,256 necropsies of cattle considering a 43-year period and included 15 necropsies of cattle dying from acute bracken poisoning. Morbidity and mortality were 17.9% and lethality was virtually 100%. In 40% of the farms the disease occurred in small outbreaks affecting several cattle per farm and in 60% only one bovine was affected in each farm. Main clinical signs include fever (40-42°C), apathy, drooling, and hemorrhages; the latter were mainly from the gums, nostrils, and gastrointestinal tract. Multiple petechiae were observed in several mucosae and in the skin. Occasionally hematuria and blood in the milk were reported. The disease was invariably fatal after a course of approximately two days. Hematological changes included severe neutropenia, non-regenerative normocytic normochromic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Necropsy findings include hemorrhages o varying degrees in several organs and infarcts in the liver. Both hemorrhages and hepatic infarcts were confirmed histologically; clusters of bacterial rods and thrombosed vessels were associated with the infarcts. Marked bone marrow aplasia was a consistent finding in the four cases in which the marrow was evaluated.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Campos T.A., Nakazato G., Stehling E.G., Brocchi M. & Silveira W.D. 2008. Clonal study of avian Escherichia coli strains by fliC conserved-DNA-sequence regions analysis. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):508-514. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Cx. Postal 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz s/n, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP 3081-862, Brazil. *Corresponding author: wds@unicamp.br The clonal relationship among avian Escherichia coli strains and their genetic proximity with human pathogenic E. coli, Salmonela enterica, Yersinia enterocolitica and Proteus mirabilis, was determined by the DNA sequencing of the conserved 5’ and 3’regions fliC gene (flagellin encoded gene). Among 30 commensal avian E. coli strains and 49 pathogenic avian E. coli strains (APEC), 24 commensal and 39 APEC strains harbored fliC gene with fragments size varying from 670bp to 1,900bp. The comparative analysis of these regions allowed the construction of a dendrogram of similarity possessing two main clusters: one compounded mainly by APEC strains and by H-antigens from human E. coli, and another one compounded by commensal avian E. coli strains, S. enterica, and by other H-antigens from human E. coli. Overall, this work demonstrated that fliC conserved regions may be associated with pathogenic clones of APEC strains, and also shows a great similarity among APEC and H-antigens of E. coli strains isolated from humans. These data, can add evidence that APEC strains can exhibit a zoonotic risk.

• APEC clonal analysis fliC gene

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Campos T.A., Nakazato G., Stehling E.G., Brocchi M. & Silveira W.D. 2008. Clonal study of avian Escherichia coli strains by fliC conserved-DNA-sequence regions analysis. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):508-514. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Cx. Postal 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz s/n, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP 3081-862, Brazil. *Corresponding author: wds@unicamp.br The clonal relationship among avian Escherichia coli strains and their genetic proximity with human pathogenic E. coli, Salmonela enterica, Yersinia enterocolitica and Proteus mirabilis, was determined by the DNA sequencing of the conserved 5’ and 3’regions fliC gene (flagellin encoded gene). Among 30 commensal avian E. coli strains and 49 pathogenic avian E. coli strains (APEC), 24 commensal and 39 APEC strains harbored fliC gene with fragments size varying from 670bp to 1,900bp. The comparative analysis of these regions allowed the construction of a dendrogram of similarity possessing two main clusters: one compounded mainly by APEC strains and by H-antigens from human E. coli, and another one compounded by commensal avian E. coli strains, S. enterica, and by other H-antigens from human E. coli. Overall, this work demonstrated that fliC conserved regions may be associated with pathogenic clones of APEC strains, and also shows a great similarity among APEC and H-antigens of E. coli strains isolated from humans. These data, can add evidence that APEC strains can exhibit a zoonotic risk.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Vasconcelos J.S., Riet-Correa F., Dantas A.F.M., Medeiros R.M.T., Galiza G.J.N., Oliveira D.M. & Pessoa A.F.A. 2008. [Poisoning by Mascagnia rigida (Malpighiaceae) in sheep and goats.] Intoxicação por Mascagnia rigida (Malpighiaceae) em ovinos e caprinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):521-526. Hospital Veterinário, CSTR, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB 58700-000, Brazil. E-mail. franklin.riet@pq.cnpq.br Mascagnia rigida is the most important toxic plant for cattle in the Northeastern region of Brazil, causing sudden death during exercise. The objectives of this research were to report three outbreaks of poisoning by M. rigida in sheep and one in goats in the semiarid of the state of Paraíba, to reproduce experimentally the disease, and to determine if the active principle of the plant is eliminated through the milk. The outbreaks occurred at beginning of the raining season, when the plant sprouts ahead other forages, or after the end of the raining season, when M. rigida stayed green and other forages had dried. In the experimental reproduction of the poisoning doses of 10 and 20g of M. rigida per kg body weight from two different regions were lethal to 3 goats and 3 sheep. One goat that ingested 20g/kg and a sheep that ingested 10g/kg recovered. Two sheep and two goats that ingested 5g/kg had mild clinical signs and recovered. Clinical signs of experimental and spontaneous cases were ingurgitation of the jugular veins, reluctance to move, sternal recumbence, incoordination, respiratory distress, depression, instability, and muscular tremors. Death occurred after a clinical manifestation period of about 4 min to 27h40min. The main lesions were pulmonary edema and vacuolization and necrosis of epithelial cells in some renal tubules. To test if the active principle of M. rigida causes sudden deaths in newborn lambs and kids, 2g/kg of the plant were given daily to two goats and five sheep in the 15 days previous to parturition. One sheep aborted two lambs, 5 days before parturition. The four lambs of the other four sheep ingested the colostrum without problems. The kid from one goat ingested the colostrum and died suddenly 5 minutes after. The kid from the other goat died immediately after parturition before ingestion of colostrum. These results suggest that the active principle of M. rigida was eliminated through the milk at toxic doses for the kids. Management measures to prevent the poisoning are recommended.

• Toxic plants Mascagnia rigida Malpighiaceae sudden death fluoroacetic acid semiarid small ruminants

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Vasconcelos J.S., Riet-Correa F., Dantas A.F.M., Medeiros R.M.T., Galiza G.J.N., Oliveira D.M. & Pessoa A.F.A. 2008. [Poisoning by Mascagnia rigida (Malpighiaceae) in sheep and goats.] Intoxicação por Mascagnia rigida (Malpighiaceae) em ovinos e caprinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):521-526. Hospital Veterinário, CSTR, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB 58700-000, Brazil. E-mail. franklin.riet@pq.cnpq.br Mascagnia rigida is the most important toxic plant for cattle in the Northeastern region of Brazil, causing sudden death during exercise. The objectives of this research were to report three outbreaks of poisoning by M. rigida in sheep and one in goats in the semiarid of the state of Paraíba, to reproduce experimentally the disease, and to determine if the active principle of the plant is eliminated through the milk. The outbreaks occurred at beginning of the raining season, when the plant sprouts ahead other forages, or after the end of the raining season, when M. rigida stayed green and other forages had dried. In the experimental reproduction of the poisoning doses of 10 and 20g of M. rigida per kg body weight from two different regions were lethal to 3 goats and 3 sheep. One goat that ingested 20g/kg and a sheep that ingested 10g/kg recovered. Two sheep and two goats that ingested 5g/kg had mild clinical signs and recovered. Clinical signs of experimental and spontaneous cases were ingurgitation of the jugular veins, reluctance to move, sternal recumbence, incoordination, respiratory distress, depression, instability, and muscular tremors. Death occurred after a clinical manifestation period of about 4 min to 27h40min. The main lesions were pulmonary edema and vacuolization and necrosis of epithelial cells in some renal tubules. To test if the active principle of M. rigida causes sudden deaths in newborn lambs and kids, 2g/kg of the plant were given daily to two goats and five sheep in the 15 days previous to parturition. One sheep aborted two lambs, 5 days before parturition. The four lambs of the other four sheep ingested the colostrum without problems. The kid from one goat ingested the colostrum and died suddenly 5 minutes after. The kid from the other goat died immediately after parturition before ingestion of colostrum. These results suggest that the active principle of M. rigida was eliminated through the milk at toxic doses for the kids. Management measures to prevent the poisoning are recommended.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Campos T.A., Lago J.C., Nakazato G., Stehling E.G., Brocchi M., Castro A.F.P. & Silveira W.D. 2008. Occurrence of virulence-related sequences and phylogenetic analysis of commensal and pathogenic avian Escherichia coli strains (APEC). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):533-540. Departamento de Microbiologia e Immunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp, Cidade Universitrária Zeferino Vaz s/n, Campinas, SP 13081-862, Brazil. E-mail: wds@unicamp.br The presence of iron uptake (irp-2, fyuA, sitA, fepC, iucA), adhesion (iha, lpfAO157/O141, lpfAO157/O154, efa, toxB) and invasion (inv, ial-related DNA sequences and assignment to the four main Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 e D) were determined in 30 commensal E. coli strains isolated from healthy chickens and in 49 APEC strains isolated from chickens presenting clinical signs of septicemia (n=24) swollen head syndrome (n=14) and omphalitis (n=11) by PCR. None of the strains presented DNA sequences related to the inv, ial, efa, and toxB genes. DNA sequences related to lpfAO157/O154, iucA, fepC, and irp-2 genes were significantly found among pathogenic strains, where iucA gene was associated with septicemia and swollen head syndrome and fepC and irp-2 genes were associated with swollen head syndrome strains. Phylogenetic typing showed that commensal and omphalitis strains belonged mainly to phylogenetic Group A and swollen head syndrome to phylogenetic Group D. Septicemic strains were assigned in phylogenetic Groups A and D. These data could suggest that clonal lineage of septicemic APEC strains have a multiple ancestor origin; one from a pathogenic bacteria ancestor and other from a non-pathogenic ancestor that evolved by the acquisition of virulence related sequences through horizontal gene transfer. Swollen head syndrome may constitute a pathogenic clonal group. By the other side, omphalitis strains probably constitute a non-pathogenic clonal group, and could cause omphalitis as an opportunistic infection. The sharing of virulence related sequences by human pathogenic E. coli and APEC strains could indicate that APEC strains could be a source of virulence genes to human strains and could represent a zoonotic risk.

• Avian colibacillosis Escherichia coli APEC virulence related-genes pathogenic clones

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Campos T.A., Lago J.C., Nakazato G., Stehling E.G., Brocchi M., Castro A.F.P. & Silveira W.D. 2008. Occurrence of virulence-related sequences and phylogenetic analysis of commensal and pathogenic avian Escherichia coli strains (APEC). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):533-540. Departamento de Microbiologia e Immunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp, Cidade Universitrária Zeferino Vaz s/n, Campinas, SP 13081-862, Brazil. E-mail: wds@unicamp.br The presence of iron uptake (irp-2, fyuA, sitA, fepC, iucA), adhesion (iha, lpfAO157/O141, lpfAO157/O154, efa, toxB) and invasion (inv, ial-related DNA sequences and assignment to the four main Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 e D) were determined in 30 commensal E. coli strains isolated from healthy chickens and in 49 APEC strains isolated from chickens presenting clinical signs of septicemia (n=24) swollen head syndrome (n=14) and omphalitis (n=11) by PCR. None of the strains presented DNA sequences related to the inv, ial, efa, and toxB genes. DNA sequences related to lpfAO157/O154, iucA, fepC, and irp-2 genes were significantly found among pathogenic strains, where iucA gene was associated with septicemia and swollen head syndrome and fepC and irp-2 genes were associated with swollen head syndrome strains. Phylogenetic typing showed that commensal and omphalitis strains belonged mainly to phylogenetic Group A and swollen head syndrome to phylogenetic Group D. Septicemic strains were assigned in phylogenetic Groups A and D. These data could suggest that clonal lineage of septicemic APEC strains have a multiple ancestor origin; one from a pathogenic bacteria ancestor and other from a non-pathogenic ancestor that evolved by the acquisition of virulence related sequences through horizontal gene transfer. Swollen head syndrome may constitute a pathogenic clonal group. By the other side, omphalitis strains probably constitute a non-pathogenic clonal group, and could cause omphalitis as an opportunistic infection. The sharing of virulence related sequences by human pathogenic E. coli and APEC strains could indicate that APEC strains could be a source of virulence genes to human strains and could represent a zoonotic risk.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Barbosa P.L.G., Melnic R.V., Morini A.C., Martins D.S., Morini-Junior J.C., Pereira F.T.V., Franciolli A.L.R., Favaron P.O., Ambrósio C.E. & Miglino M.A. 2008. [Characterization of the fetal membranes in buffalo cows in the first three months of gestation.] Caracterização das membranas fetais em búfalas no terço inicial da gestação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(9):437-445. Setor de Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: drimorini@usp.br The aim of the study was to characterize the fetal membranes in buffalo cows (Bubalus bubalis, Linnaeus 1758) in the first 3 months of the gestation. The fetal membranes were analyzed gross and microscopically (light and ultrastructural analysis). The corion is a simple layer of circle cells, with spherical nucleus, named trofoblastics; there is another cellular type, named trophoblastic giant cells, with two or more nucleus. Both of them have many cytoplasmic and reticule endoplasmic vesicles on transmission electron microscopy. The allantoic has many vessels filled with eritrocytes, elongated cells which form a stratified simple epithelium. The amnion is transparent or sometimes whitish, consisting of a stratified simple epithelium. The main difference between the allantoic and amnion is that the latter is avascular. The yolk sac is an opaque membrane that disappears during gestation, and is the only membrane that is not in contact with the others; it presents three different types of cells which form three distinct layers (endoderm, mesothelium and mesenquimal).

• Buffaloes fetal membranes morphology placenta

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Barbosa P.L.G., Melnic R.V., Morini A.C., Martins D.S., Morini-Junior J.C., Pereira F.T.V., Franciolli A.L.R., Favaron P.O., Ambrósio C.E. & Miglino M.A. 2008. [Characterization of the fetal membranes in buffalo cows in the first three months of gestation.] Caracterização das membranas fetais em búfalas no terço inicial da gestação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(9):437-445. Setor de Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: drimorini@usp.br The aim of the study was to characterize the fetal membranes in buffalo cows (Bubalus bubalis, Linnaeus 1758) in the first 3 months of the gestation. The fetal membranes were analyzed gross and microscopically (light and ultrastructural analysis). The corion is a simple layer of circle cells, with spherical nucleus, named trofoblastics; there is another cellular type, named trophoblastic giant cells, with two or more nucleus. Both of them have many cytoplasmic and reticule endoplasmic vesicles on transmission electron microscopy. The allantoic has many vessels filled with eritrocytes, elongated cells which form a stratified simple epithelium. The amnion is transparent or sometimes whitish, consisting of a stratified simple epithelium. The main difference between the allantoic and amnion is that the latter is avascular. The yolk sac is an opaque membrane that disappears during gestation, and is the only membrane that is not in contact with the others; it presents three different types of cells which form three distinct layers (endoderm, mesothelium and mesenquimal).

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Almeida A.E., Wenceslau C.V., Teixeira D.G., Araújo K.P.C., Morini A.C., Morini Jr J.C., Ambrósio C.E., Miglino M.A. & Prada I.L.S. 2008. [Morphophysiology of diaphragm innervation in sheep.] Morfofisiologia da inervação do diafragma de ovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(9):399-409. Setor de Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: ceambrosio@usp.br Thirty diaphragms of sheep of Santa Inês breed were studied regarding their origin, division and arrangement of the right and left phrenic nerves (Fde), and the participation of other nerves in the innervation of the diaphragm. By fixing and dissecting pieces, it was found that phrenic nerves (F) frequently come from the ventral branches of the 5th (C5) and 6th (C6) cervical spinal nerves (Ec), at right (46.67%) and at left (43.33%). The F often form a lumbocostal trunk, sternal branches at right (40.00%) and lumbar, costal and esternal branches at left (36.68%). The lumbar branches of F innervate frequently at left (96.67%) the homolateral pillar of the diaphragma, and at right (50.00%) they give fillets to Vena cava caudalis. The costal branches of the F innervate at left (90.00%) and at right (76.66%) the dorsal and ventral regions of the pars costalis. The sternal branches of the F innervate at right (100.00%) and at left (83.33%) the pars sternalis and the ventral region of the pars costalis at the same side. The intercostal nerves (VII to XII pairs, 63.33%) contribute to innervate the diaphragm of Santa Inês sheep.

• Anatomy; phrenic nerves sheep diaphragma nervous system

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Almeida A.E., Wenceslau C.V., Teixeira D.G., Araújo K.P.C., Morini A.C., Morini Jr J.C., Ambrósio C.E., Miglino M.A. & Prada I.L.S. 2008. [Morphophysiology of diaphragm innervation in sheep.] Morfofisiologia da inervação do diafragma de ovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(9):399-409. Setor de Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: ceambrosio@usp.br Thirty diaphragms of sheep of Santa Inês breed were studied regarding their origin, division and arrangement of the right and left phrenic nerves (Fde), and the participation of other nerves in the innervation of the diaphragm. By fixing and dissecting pieces, it was found that phrenic nerves (F) frequently come from the ventral branches of the 5th (C5) and 6th (C6) cervical spinal nerves (Ec), at right (46.67%) and at left (43.33%). The F often form a lumbocostal trunk, sternal branches at right (40.00%) and lumbar, costal and esternal branches at left (36.68%). The lumbar branches of F innervate frequently at left (96.67%) the homolateral pillar of the diaphragma, and at right (50.00%) they give fillets to Vena cava caudalis. The costal branches of the F innervate at left (90.00%) and at right (76.66%) the dorsal and ventral regions of the pars costalis. The sternal branches of the F innervate at right (100.00%) and at left (83.33%) the pars sternalis and the ventral region of the pars costalis at the same side. The intercostal nerves (VII to XII pairs, 63.33%) contribute to innervate the diaphragm of Santa Inês sheep.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Blagitz M.G., Batista C.F., Souza F.N., Benites N.R., Melville P.A., Stricagnolo C.R., Ricciardi M., Gomes V., Azedo M.R., Sanches B.G.S. & Della Libera A.M.M.P. 2008. [Cellular and microbiological profile of Santa Ines ewes in the lactation and the post-weaning period.] Perfil celular e microbiológico de ovelhas Santa Inês no período lactante e pós-desmame. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(9):417-422. Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: magblagitz@usp.br The aim was to evaluate and compare the microbiological and cellular profile of the milk of Santa Ines ewes during the lactation period and the active involution. Milk samples were analyzed from 12 ewes during these distinct periods. Clinical examination of the mammary gland, somatic cell count (SCC), California Mastitis Test (CMT), bacteriologic screening and sensibility of the pathogens in vitro were performed. Most alterations were observed in the active involution period. SCC and CMT were higher in this same period. Besides this, a high persistency of infection occurred. The active involution period did not show high susceptibility. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the only isolated bacteria. A high antimicrobial sensibility of these pathogens was also encountered.

• Mastitis ewes involution lactation staphylococci

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Blagitz M.G., Batista C.F., Souza F.N., Benites N.R., Melville P.A., Stricagnolo C.R., Ricciardi M., Gomes V., Azedo M.R., Sanches B.G.S. & Della Libera A.M.M.P. 2008. [Cellular and microbiological profile of Santa Ines ewes in the lactation and the post-weaning period.] Perfil celular e microbiológico de ovelhas Santa Inês no período lactante e pós-desmame. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(9):417-422. Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: magblagitz@usp.br The aim was to evaluate and compare the microbiological and cellular profile of the milk of Santa Ines ewes during the lactation period and the active involution. Milk samples were analyzed from 12 ewes during these distinct periods. Clinical examination of the mammary gland, somatic cell count (SCC), California Mastitis Test (CMT), bacteriologic screening and sensibility of the pathogens in vitro were performed. Most alterations were observed in the active involution period. SCC and CMT were higher in this same period. Besides this, a high persistency of infection occurred. The active involution period did not show high susceptibility. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the only isolated bacteria. A high antimicrobial sensibility of these pathogens was also encountered.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Ferraz V.C.M., Ferrigno C.R.A., Cortopassi S.R.G., Lopes R., Isaza R. & Kim S. 2008. [Radiologic and flight function evaluation after fixation of distal humeral osteotomies in pigeons, with model of articulated external fixator.] Avaliação radiográfica e de função de vôo após fixação de osteotomias distais de úmero em pombas (Columba livia), com modelo de fixador externo articulado. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(8):351-357. Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: vanessaferraz@usp.br The treatment of distal humeral fractures in birds is very difficult, technically and for consolidation and maintenance of normal function of the wing, because theses bones are pneumatic, and its cortices very thin. The ankylosis of the humerus-radius-ulnar joint with external fixator is unviable for birds intended for rehabilitation and release. In all animals, the experimental fixator was placed over the humerus, with its articulation over the humerus-radial-ulnar joint e the extension of the fixator was placed over the ulna. The animals were divided in two groups: bilateral surgeries with ankylosis in one wing (static wing) and maintenance of the joint function in the other (dynamic wing) (Group 1), and unilateral surgery, with maintenance of the joint function (dynamic wing) (Group 2). The bonny callus was evaluated with radiographs: post-surgical, at 3, 6 and 9 weeks. The birds in Group 2 were evaluated as of their flight abilities between 11 and 15 weeks after surgery. The wing amplitude and humeral length was evaluated in all animals, after euthanasia. At 6 weeks, all the animals in Group 2, that underwent unilateral surgery, without ankylosis, and four animals in Group 1, that underwent bilateral surgeries: ankylosis of one elbow (static wing) and not of the other (dynamic wing), presented radiographic and clinical consolidation of the fractures. Two animals in Group 1 only presented consolidation of the dynamic wing at 9 weeks and of the static wing at 12 weeks. All the animals in Group 2 presented adequate flight capacity, in at least 13 weeks after surgery. There are few published papers on bird osteosynthesis, and therefore we studied the use of articulated external fixator for the stabilization of distal humeral fractures, avoiding ankylosis of the elbow joint, and, therefore keeping flight function viable, using as a model, rock pigeons (Columba lívia). The proposed method of maintenance of wing function in the dynamic wing, demonstrated being effective in maintaining the length of the bone, the amplitude of the wing as well as viability of muscles and tendons, guaranteeing flight capacity of the studied birds, being a good method for the repair of distal humeral fractures of birds, when rehabilitation and release are intended.

• Articulated external fixator birds humeral fracture

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Ferraz V.C.M., Ferrigno C.R.A., Cortopassi S.R.G., Lopes R., Isaza R. & Kim S. 2008. [Radiologic and flight function evaluation after fixation of distal humeral osteotomies in pigeons, with model of articulated external fixator.] Avaliação radiográfica e de função de vôo após fixação de osteotomias distais de úmero em pombas (Columba livia), com modelo de fixador externo articulado. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(8):351-357. Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: vanessaferraz@usp.br The treatment of distal humeral fractures in birds is very difficult, technically and for consolidation and maintenance of normal function of the wing, because theses bones are pneumatic, and its cortices very thin. The ankylosis of the humerus-radius-ulnar joint with external fixator is unviable for birds intended for rehabilitation and release. In all animals, the experimental fixator was placed over the humerus, with its articulation over the humerus-radial-ulnar joint e the extension of the fixator was placed over the ulna. The animals were divided in two groups: bilateral surgeries with ankylosis in one wing (static wing) and maintenance of the joint function in the other (dynamic wing) (Group 1), and unilateral surgery, with maintenance of the joint function (dynamic wing) (Group 2). The bonny callus was evaluated with radiographs: post-surgical, at 3, 6 and 9 weeks. The birds in Group 2 were evaluated as of their flight abilities between 11 and 15 weeks after surgery. The wing amplitude and humeral length was evaluated in all animals, after euthanasia. At 6 weeks, all the animals in Group 2, that underwent unilateral surgery, without ankylosis, and four animals in Group 1, that underwent bilateral surgeries: ankylosis of one elbow (static wing) and not of the other (dynamic wing), presented radiographic and clinical consolidation of the fractures. Two animals in Group 1 only presented consolidation of the dynamic wing at 9 weeks and of the static wing at 12 weeks. All the animals in Group 2 presented adequate flight capacity, in at least 13 weeks after surgery. There are few published papers on bird osteosynthesis, and therefore we studied the use of articulated external fixator for the stabilization of distal humeral fractures, avoiding ankylosis of the elbow joint, and, therefore keeping flight function viable, using as a model, rock pigeons (Columba lívia). The proposed method of maintenance of wing function in the dynamic wing, demonstrated being effective in maintaining the length of the bone, the amplitude of the wing as well as viability of muscles and tendons, guaranteeing flight capacity of the studied birds, being a good method for the repair of distal humeral fractures of birds, when rehabilitation and release are intended.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Ferrigno CRA., Schmaedecke A., Pantané C., Baccarin D.C.B. & Silveira L.M.G. 2008. [A critical study about the treatment of 196 cases of diphiseal radial and ulnar fractures in dogs.] Estudo crítico do tratamento de 196 casos de fratura diafisária de rádio e ulna em cães. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(8):371-374. Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: cassioaf@usp.br The results from three osteosynthesis methods in cases of proximal, mid and distal fractures of radio and ulna in dogs were compared: the skeletal external fixation, plates and screws and the external immobilization. Shaft fractures of radius and ulna in dogs are frequent among the orthopedic morbid cases in Veterinary Medicine and their treatment deserves special attention, due to the high number of unsuccessful cases observed. The demographic data with reference to distribution and classification of fractures, as well as the method used for osteosynthesis and its consequences, were tabulated and the data were statistically compared. As results, from the 196 fractures observed, patients with up to 6.0 kilograms were the most affected (46.4%) with lesions mainly in the distal third (64.93% of the fractures). Animals that have been operated with smaller interval between the fracture occurrence and the surgery showed better results. There was a significant difference between osteosynthesis by external fixators and screwed plates when compared to external immobilization, independent on the fracture site.

• Fractures radius and ulna diaphysis osteosynthesis dogs

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Ferrigno CRA., Schmaedecke A., Pantané C., Baccarin D.C.B. & Silveira L.M.G. 2008. [A critical study about the treatment of 196 cases of diphiseal radial and ulnar fractures in dogs.] Estudo crítico do tratamento de 196 casos de fratura diafisária de rádio e ulna em cães. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(8):371-374. Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: cassioaf@usp.br The results from three osteosynthesis methods in cases of proximal, mid and distal fractures of radio and ulna in dogs were compared: the skeletal external fixation, plates and screws and the external immobilization. Shaft fractures of radius and ulna in dogs are frequent among the orthopedic morbid cases in Veterinary Medicine and their treatment deserves special attention, due to the high number of unsuccessful cases observed. The demographic data with reference to distribution and classification of fractures, as well as the method used for osteosynthesis and its consequences, were tabulated and the data were statistically compared. As results, from the 196 fractures observed, patients with up to 6.0 kilograms were the most affected (46.4%) with lesions mainly in the distal third (64.93% of the fractures). Animals that have been operated with smaller interval between the fracture occurrence and the surgery showed better results. There was a significant difference between osteosynthesis by external fixators and screwed plates when compared to external immobilization, independent on the fracture site.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Albuquerque G.R., Berto B.P., Catenacci L., Cunha Nogueira S.S., Nogueira-Filho S.L.G. & Lopes C.W.G. 2008. Eimerid coccidia in capybaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Linnaeus, 1766 (Rodentia: Hydrochaeridae) from southern Bahia, Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(7):323-328 Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR415 Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA 45662-000, Brazil. E-mail: gralbu@uesc.br Two eimerid coccidia are reported in a capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) population kept in captivity in the south of Bahia, northeastern Brazil (14° 47’ 57.89’’ S and 39° 10’ 10.58" W). Oocysts of Eimeria ichiloensis are subspheroidal to ellipsoidal, 26.2 x 21.7mm with bi-layered wall, the outer yellow and sculptured and the inner, dark and smooth. Residuum is absent, but usually 2-3 polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 12.0 x 7.6mm. Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. Oocysts of Eimeria trinidadensis are subspheroidal to ellipsoidal, 22.2 x 19.6mm with bi-layered wall, the outer yellow and smooth, and the inner dark and smooth. Residuum is absent, but one polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 11.0 x 6.9mm. Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. Based on these descriptions and previous ones it can be concluded that these coccidea species are widely dispersed in capybaras in South America.

• Eimeria ichiloensis Eimeria trinidadensis Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris capybara capivara

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Albuquerque G.R., Berto B.P., Catenacci L., Cunha Nogueira S.S., Nogueira-Filho S.L.G. & Lopes C.W.G. 2008. Eimerid coccidia in capybaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Linnaeus, 1766 (Rodentia: Hydrochaeridae) from southern Bahia, Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(7):323-328 Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR415 Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA 45662-000, Brazil. E-mail: gralbu@uesc.br Two eimerid coccidia are reported in a capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) population kept in captivity in the south of Bahia, northeastern Brazil (14° 47’ 57.89’’ S and 39° 10’ 10.58" W). Oocysts of Eimeria ichiloensis are subspheroidal to ellipsoidal, 26.2 x 21.7mm with bi-layered wall, the outer yellow and sculptured and the inner, dark and smooth. Residuum is absent, but usually 2-3 polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 12.0 x 7.6mm. Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. Oocysts of Eimeria trinidadensis are subspheroidal to ellipsoidal, 22.2 x 19.6mm with bi-layered wall, the outer yellow and smooth, and the inner dark and smooth. Residuum is absent, but one polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 11.0 x 6.9mm. Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. Based on these descriptions and previous ones it can be concluded that these coccidea species are widely dispersed in capybaras in South America.