Resultado da pesquisa (24)

Termo utilizado na pesquisa Botulism

#11 - Type C botulism in swine fed on restaurant waste

Abstract in English:

The paper addresses the epidemiologic data of the death of pigs during the period of 2002 to 2009 following the ingestion of botulinum neurotoxin type C. This neurotoxin was present in food residues originating from restaurant and hotel kitchens, stored in barrels without shelter from the sun and administered in a collective trough without prior thermal treatment. Animals which died at different ages showed clinical signs of botulism characterized by flaccid paralysis, weight loss, anorexia, weakness, lack of coordination, locomotion difficulties with the evolution of lateral recumbency with involuntary urination and defecation. No alterations were observed at postmortem and histological examination. The bioassay with serum neutralization in mice was carried out on samples of intestinal contents from pigs affected and revealed the presence of large quantities of botulinum toxin type C.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Descreve-se a epidemiologia da morte de suínos ocorrida entre 2002 e 2009 pela ingestão da neurotoxina botulínica do tipo C. A neurotoxina presente em resíduos de alimentos provenientes de cozinhas de restaurantes e hotéis, armazenados em tonéis sem abrigo do sol e administrado em cocho coletivo sem tratamento térmico prévio. Animais de diferentes idades morreram com sinais clínicos de botulismo caracterizados por paralisia flácida, emagrecimento, anorexia, fraqueza, incoordenação, dificuldade de locomoção com evolução para decúbito lateral com micção e defecação involuntárias. Nenhuma alteração evidente foi observada na necropsia e no exame histológico. O teste de bioensaio com soroneutralização em camundongos foi realizado com amostras de conteúdo intestinal dos animais afetados e alimentos e revelou a presença de grandes quantidades de toxina botulínica do tipo C.


#12 - Diseases of the nervous system of cattle in the semiarid of Northeastern Brazil, 30(3):267-276

Abstract in English:

RESUMO.- Galiza G.J.N., Silva M.L.C.R, Dantas A.F.M., Simões S.V.D. & Riet-Correa F. 2010. [Diseases of the nervous system of cattle in the semiarid of Northeastern Brazil.] Doenças do sistema nervoso de bovinos no semiárido nordestino. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(3):267-276. Hospital Veterinário, CSTR, Campus de Patos da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB 58700-000, Brazil. E-mail: franklin.riet@pq.cnpq.br Para determinar as doenças que ocorrem no sistema nervoso de bovinos no semiárido nordestino, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo em 411 necropsias de bovinos realizadas no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, entre janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2008. Dos 411 casos analisados 139 (33,81%) apresentaram alterações clínicas do sistema nervoso e as fichas foram revisadas para determinar os principais achados referentes à epidemiologia, aos sinais clínicos e às alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas. Em 28 (20,14%) casos o diagnóstico foi inconclusivo. As principais enfermidades foram raiva (48,7% dos casos com sinais nervosos), abscessos cerebrais (7,2%) incluindo três casos de abscesso da pituitária, febre catarral maligna (6,3%), botulismo (6,3%), alterações congênitas (4,5%), traumatismo (4,5%), tuberculose (2,7%), tétano (2,7%), infecção por herpesvírus bovino-5 (2,7%), encefalomielite não supurativa (2,7%), intoxicação por Prosopis juliflora (2,7%), status spongiosus congênito de causa desconhecida (1,8%) e polioencefalomalacia (1,8%). Outras doenças diagnosticadas numa única oportunidade (0,9%) foram criptococose, listeriose, encefalite tromboembólica, linfossarcoma, tripanossomíase e babesiose por Babesia bovis.

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Galiza G.J.N., Silva M.L.C.R, Dantas A.F.M., Simões S.V.D. & Riet-Correa F. 2010. [Diseases of the nervous system of cattle in the semiarid of Northeastern Brazil.] Doenças do sistema nervoso de bovinos no semiárido nordestino. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(3):267-276. Hospital Veterinário, CSTR, Campus de Patos da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB 58700-000, Brazil. E-mail: franklin.riet@pq.cnpq.br Diseases of the nervous system of cattle in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil were evaluated by a retrospective study of 411 cattle necropsies performed in the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, from January 2000 to December 2008. Of the 411 cases analyzed, 139 (33.81%) were from cattle that presented nervous signs and the records were reviewed to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and macroscopic and histologic main features. Diagnosis was inconclusive in 28 cases (20.14%). In cases with diagnosis the main diseases were rabies (48.7% of the cases with nervous signs), brain abscesses (7.2%) including three cases of pituitary abscesses, malignant catarrhal fever (6.3%), botulism (6.3%), congenital malformations (4.5%), trauma (4.5%), tuberculosis (2.7%), tetanus (2.7%), infection by bovine hervesvirus-5 (2.7%), non-suppurative encephalomyelitis (2.7%), intoxication by Prosopis juliflora (2.7%), congenital status spongiosus of unknown etiology (1.8%), and polioencephalomalacia (1.8%). Other diseases diagnosed only once (0.9%) were cryptococcosis, listeriosis, thromboembolic encephalitis, lymphosarcoma, trypanosso-miasis, and babesiosis by Babesia bovis.


#13 - Pré-compostagem de cadáveres de bovinos acometidos pelo botulismo, p.157-161

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Curci V.C.M., Dutra I.S., Döbereiner J. & Lucas Junior J. 2007. [The effect of composting cattle carcasses on botulinum spores and toxin content.] Pré-compostagem de cadáveres de bovinos acometidos pelo botulismo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(4):157-161. Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico do Agronegócio, APTA Regional Extremo Oeste, Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Av. Alcides Fagundes Chagas 122, Araçatuba, SP 15055-240, Brazil. E-mail: vlmcursi@aptaregional.sp.gov.br Five carcasses of cattle that died from botulism were composted in individual isolated beds with the purpose of monitoring the effect on spores of Clostridium botulinum and of botulinum toxin. The diagnosis of botulinum poisoning was based on clinical and pathological, epidemic and/or laboratorial characteristics. Of the five bovines with clinical signs of chronic botulism, three were affected by the type D toxin, one by the CD complex, and one was negative for toxin and spores of C. botulinum in the viscera using a mouse bioassay. The composting process was carried out in beds with carcasses cut up and mixed with sawdust as a carbon source. They were kept anaerobic under a plastic sheet for 50 days. The temperature of the beds was monitored during the period and oscillated from 40.5 to 52.4°C. After this time, soft tissue had complete decomposed with a significant loss of weight (26.5-44.5%). The remaining bones no longer contained spores or botulinum toxin in the 5 samples taken from each carcass. Only 2 of the 200 samples of homogenized remaining (40 for each carcass) contained spores of C. botulinum type C. All samples were negative for botulinum toxin using the mouse bioassay. Composting carcasses of cattle that died from botulism eliminated botulinum spores and toxin from the remains.

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Curci V.C.M., Dutra I.S., Döbereiner J. & Lucas Junior J. 2007. [The effect of composting cattle carcasses on botulinum spores and toxin content.] Pré-compostagem de cadáveres de bovinos acometidos pelo botulismo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(4):157-161. Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico do Agronegócio, APTA Regional Extremo Oeste, Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Av. Alcides Fagundes Chagas 122, Araçatuba, SP 15055-240, Brazil. E-mail: vlmcursi@aptaregional.sp.gov.br Five carcasses of cattle that died from botulism were composted in individual isolated beds with the purpose of monitoring the effect on spores of Clostridium botulinum and of botulinum toxin. The diagnosis of botulinum poisoning was based on clinical and pathological, epidemic and/or laboratorial characteristics. Of the five bovines with clinical signs of chronic botulism, three were affected by the type D toxin, one by the CD complex, and one was negative for toxin and spores of C. botulinum in the viscera using a mouse bioassay. The composting process was carried out in beds with carcasses cut up and mixed with sawdust as a carbon source. They were kept anaerobic under a plastic sheet for 50 days. The temperature of the beds was monitored during the period and oscillated from 40.5 to 52.4°C. After this time, soft tissue had complete decomposed with a significant loss of weight (26.5-44.5%). The remaining bones no longer contained spores or botulinum toxin in the 5 samples taken from each carcass. Only 2 of the 200 samples of homogenized remaining (40 for each carcass) contained spores of C. botulinum type C. All samples were negative for botulinum toxin using the mouse bioassay. Composting carcasses of cattle that died from botulism eliminated botulinum spores and toxin from the remains.


#14 - Esporos e toxinas de Clostridium botulinum em cacimbas utilizadas como bebedouro de bovinos no Vale do Araguaia, Goiás

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Souza A.M., Marques D.F., Döbereiner J. & Dutra I.S. 2006. [Spores and toxins of Clostridium botulinum in raining ponds used as water supply for cattle in pastures in the Araguaia Valley, state of Goiás, Brazil.] Esporos e toxinas de Clostridium botulinum em cacimbas utilizadas como bebedouro de bovinos no Vale do Araguaia, Goiás. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 26(3):133-138. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil. E-mail: airesms@vet.ufg.br The occurrence and distribution of Clostridium botulinum spores and toxins type C and D in 300 ponds, used by cattle for drinking on 130 farms located in 12 municipalities of the Rio Araguaia valley, state of Goiás, Brazil, was evaluated. The presence of spores was determined indirectly by cultivation in culture medium, followed by inoculation and neutralization in mice of samples of the sediment from the bottom of the raining ponds, from superficial soil and from cattle feces collected to its circuit. The toxin presence was evaluated directly by inoculation in mice of the filtered sediment of the ponds, followed by the neutralization in mice with antitoxins C and D. The presence of C. botulinum spores was significantly more frequent (p<0,05) in the cattle feces (31%), when compared with the results of the superficial soil samples (19%) and the sediments (10%). Botulinum toxins of type C and D or classified as belonging to the CD compound were detected in 6 samples (2%) of the 300 ponds. Of the 130 worked farms, in 122 (93,85%) ponds Clostridium botulinum spores or toxins were found in at least one of the researched variables, whilst ponds on only 8 (6,15%) farms did not present any contamination. Age and depth of the ponds were associated with the frequency of detection of botulinum spores and toxins. The older and shallower the ponds were, the larger was the frequency of isolation of the spores and toxins. The contamination of the ponds in the Araguaia valley with Clostridium botulinum spores and toxins type C and D demonstrates the permanent and growing potential risk for the occurrence of botulism in cattle through drinking water.

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Souza A.M., Marques D.F., Döbereiner J. & Dutra I.S. 2006. [Spores and toxins of Clostridium botulinum in raining ponds used as water supply for cattle in pastures in the Araguaia Valley, state of Goiás, Brazil.] Esporos e toxinas de Clostridium botulinum em cacimbas utilizadas como bebedouro de bovinos no Vale do Araguaia, Goiás. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 26(3):133-138. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil. E-mail: airesms@vet.ufg.br The occurrence and distribution of Clostridium botulinum spores and toxins type C and D in 300 ponds, used by cattle for drinking on 130 farms located in 12 municipalities of the Rio Araguaia valley, state of Goiás, Brazil, was evaluated. The presence of spores was determined indirectly by cultivation in culture medium, followed by inoculation and neutralization in mice of samples of the sediment from the bottom of the raining ponds, from superficial soil and from cattle feces collected to its circuit. The toxin presence was evaluated directly by inoculation in mice of the filtered sediment of the ponds, followed by the neutralization in mice with antitoxins C and D. The presence of C. botulinum spores was significantly more frequent (p<0,05) in the cattle feces (31%), when compared with the results of the superficial soil samples (19%) and the sediments (10%). Botulinum toxins of type C and D or classified as belonging to the CD compound were detected in 6 samples (2%) of the 300 ponds. Of the 130 worked farms, in 122 (93,85%) ponds Clostridium botulinum spores or toxins were found in at least one of the researched variables, whilst ponds on only 8 (6,15%) farms did not present any contamination. Age and depth of the ponds were associated with the frequency of detection of botulinum spores and toxins. The older and shallower the ponds were, the larger was the frequency of isolation of the spores and toxins. The contamination of the ponds in the Araguaia valley with Clostridium botulinum spores and toxins type C and D demonstrates the permanent and growing potential risk for the occurrence of botulism in cattle through drinking water.


#15 - Botulismo em bovinos alimentados com cama de frango, p.115-119

Abstract in English:

Dutra I.S., Döbereiner J. & Souza A.M. 2005. [Botulism in beef and dairy cattle fed with poultry litter.] Botulismo em bovinos alimentados com cama de frango. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(2):115-119. Depto Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, Araçatuba, SP 16065-080, Brazil. E-mail: isdutra@fmva.unesp.br Outbreaks of botulism caused by type C and D of the botulinum toxin are frequent in Brazil, and are associated with bone chewing and ingestion of contaminated food and water. This paper reports the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and laboratorial aspects of 7 outbreaks of botulism in beef and dairy cattle fed with poultry litter, which occurred in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, 1989-2000. Five outbreaks occurred in beef cattle herds, raised in confinement or under pasture conditions and supplemented with poultry litter, and 2 outbreaks occurred in dairy farms. From o total of 1,535 cattle supplemented regularily with poultry litter 455 animals (29.64%) died within 2 to 4 weeks. Morbidity and mortality varied from 3.47 to 100% in the 7 outbreaks. In one of the farms the lethality was 60.52%, and in others more than 88.43%, reaching 100% in three farms. Clinical signs were progressive paralysis, difficulties in moving, decubitus, normal alertness, decreased muscular tonus of tongue and tail, sialorrhoe and dyspnoe. At post-mortem examination of 30 cattle no noteable changes were observed. Spores of Clostridium botulinum were found in poultry litter samples collected on 7 farms. In liver, ruminal and intestinal fluid samples from 30 necropsied cattle botulinum toxin of type C (5) and D (9) or of the CD complex (1) were found in at least one of the samples collected from 15 animals, which confirms the clincial, pathological and epidemiological diagnosis of botulism.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Dutra I.S., Döbereiner J. & Souza A.M. 2005. [Botulism in beef and dairy cattle fed with poultry litter.] Botulismo em bovinos alimentados com cama de frango. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(2):115-119. Depto Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, Araçatuba, SP 16065-080, Brazil. E-mail: isdutra@fmva.unesp.br Outbreaks of botulism caused by type C and D of the botulinum toxin are frequent in Brazil, and are associated with bone chewing and ingestion of contaminated food and water. This paper reports the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and laboratorial aspects of 7 outbreaks of botulism in beef and dairy cattle fed with poultry litter, which occurred in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, 1989-2000. Five outbreaks occurred in beef cattle herds, raised in confinement or under pasture conditions and supplemented with poultry litter, and 2 outbreaks occurred in dairy farms. From o total of 1,535 cattle supplemented regularily with poultry litter 455 animals (29.64%) died within 2 to 4 weeks. Morbidity and mortality varied from 3.47 to 100% in the 7 outbreaks. In one of the farms the lethality was 60.52%, and in others more than 88.43%, reaching 100% in three farms. Clinical signs were progressive paralysis, difficulties in moving, decubitus, normal alertness, decreased muscular tonus of tongue and tail, sialorrhoe and dyspnoe. At post-mortem examination of 30 cattle no noteable changes were observed. Spores of Clostridium botulinum were found in poultry litter samples collected on 7 farms. In liver, ruminal and intestinal fluid samples from 30 necropsied cattle botulinum toxin of type C (5) and D (9) or of the CD complex (1) were found in at least one of the samples collected from 15 animals, which confirms the clincial, pathological and epidemiological diagnosis of botulism.


#16 - Botulism outbreaks in cattle in Brazil associated with contaminated water, 21(2):43-48

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Dutra I.S., Dobereiner J., Rosa I.V., Souza L.A.A. & Nonato M. 2001. [Botulism outbreaks in cattle in Brazil associated with contaminated water] Surtos de botulismo em bovinos no Brasil associados à ingestão de água contaminada. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 21(2):43-48. Depto Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Unesp-Campus de Araçatuba, Cx. Postai 533, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil. Botulism in cattle occurs by ingestion of botulinum toxin C and/or D. Seven outbreaks of the poisoning in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo are reported. The clinical and pathological data, epidemiology and laboratory findings indicate a possible intake of the toxin through contaminated water. The average mortality rate was 20.1%, with 99.2% lethality and 31.62% morbidity. From about 9,000 cattle envolved in the outbreaks, 2,844 animals died, predominantly with a byperacute and acute clinical picture. The high morbidity rates were observed within a short period and affected all categories of cattle, with a clinical and pathological picture characterized by paresis and paralysis of the muscles of locomotion, swallowing and mastigation, with abscence of gross lesions at post-mortem examination. The outbreaks were related to the presence of decomposed animal carcasses or vegetal material in the drinking water. Botulinum toxins C and/or D were detected in water samples, víscera and blood serum of a considerable number of materials examined.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Dutra I.S., Dobereiner J., Rosa I.V., Souza L.A.A. & Nonato M. 2001. [Botulism outbreaks in cattle in Brazil associated with contaminated water] Surtos de botulismo em bovinos no Brasil associados à ingestão de água contaminada. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 21(2):43-48. Depto Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Unesp-Campus de Araçatuba, Cx. Postai 533, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil. Botulismo em bovinos resulta da ingestão de toxina previamente formada. No presente trabalho são descritos sete surtos da intoxicação onde os dados clínico-patológicos, epidemiológicos e os achados laboratoriais indicaram a possível ingestão da toxina através da água contaminada. O coeficiente médio de mortalidade foi de 20, 1%, com letalidade de 99,92%, e morbidade de 31,62%. Dos cerca de 9.000 bovinos envolvidos nos surtos, 2.844 morreram com quadro clínico predominantemente superagudo e agudo. A alta morbidade e mortalidade foram registradas num curto período de tempo e envolveram todas as categorias animais, com quadro clínico-patológico caracterizado por paresia e paralisia da musculatura da locomoção, deglutição e mastigação e ausência de lesões macroscópicas. As circunstâncias em que ocorreram os surtos estiveram relacionadas com a existência de carcaças de animais decompostas ou matéria orgânica vegetal na água de dessedentação. Foram detectadas toxinas botulínicas C e/ou D nas coleções de água, nas vísceras e no soro sangüíneo de parte considerável dos materiais examinados.


#17 - Clinical pathological data and analyses of mineral elements of cattle affected by epizootic botulism in the State of São Paulo

Abstract in English:

In arder to study laboratorial aspects of beef cow mortality, a syndrome popularly known as "doença da vaca caída", examens were made of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, serum, bone and liver samples from 32 naturally affected 4 to 9 year old cows, 27 belonging to the Nellore breed and5 were crossbred Nellore, all originating from farms located in municipalities near Botucatu, State of São Paulo. Laboratory determinations were analysed by descriptive statistics and included hematological values, total plasma protein, plasma fibrinogen, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and concentration measurements of serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, gama-glutamyltransferase and creatine kinase activities, included bane ash percentage and concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, and also hepatic levels of copper, zinc, iron, manganese and cobalt. In addition, mouse bioassays and complement micro-fixation tests were performed to detect botulinum toxins in liver samples. The results indicated leukocytosis (13,3±3,9 x103/mm3) with neutrophilia (8,9±3,2 x103/mm3), hypocalcemia (7,8±1,7mg/dl), hypophosphatemia (3,6±1,6mg/dl), hypoalbuminemia (2,9±0,9g/cll), increased creatine kinase activity (691,0±829,7 UI/1), and reduced ash percentage (60,3±1,9%) and low phosphorus (17,2±0,4%) in bane. The other values were all within normal limits. The diagnosis of botulism, involving type C and D toxins, was confirmed as the cause of the mortality in the region of study, what is strongly consistent with the other laboratorial findings.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Com o objetivo de verificar alguns aspectos laboratoriais da mortalidade de vacas de corte, popularmente conhecida como "doença da vaca caída", estudaram-se amostras de sangue total, líquor, soro sanguíneo, osso e fígado colhidas de 32 fêmeas bovinas (27 da raça Nelore e 5 mestiças), entre 4 e 9 anos de idade, naturalmente acometidas e pertencentes a propriedades rurais localizadas em municípios próximos a Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo. Procederam-se as determinações e o estudo estatístico descritivo das variáveis: 1) hematológicas, de proteínas plasmáticas totais e fibrinogênio; 2) dos aspectos físicos, bioquímicos e celularidade no líquor; 3) de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, sódio, potássio; cloretos, proteína total, albumina, globulina e atividades da fosfatase alcalina, aspartato aminotransferase, gama-glutamiltransferase e creatina quinase no soro sanguíneo; 4) de cinzas, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio no osso, e, 5) de cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês e cobalto no fígado, empregando-se as provas de inoculação em camundongos e de microfixação de complemento para a detecção da presença de toxinas botulínicas nas amostras de tecido hepático. Os resultados apontaramcomo alterações, leucocitose (13,3±3,9 x103/mm3) com neutrofilia (8,9±3,2 x103/mm3), hipocalcemia (7,8±1,7mg/ dl), hipofosfatemia (3,6±1,6mg/dl), hipoalbuminemia (2,9±0,9g/dl), elevação na atividade da creatina quinase (692,0±829,7 UI/1) e reduções na cinza (60,3±1,9%) e fósforo (17,2±0,4%) ósseos, como indicativos do estado carencial de fósforo, apresentando-se as demais variáveis dentro dos limites de variação considerados normais para a espécie. O diagnóstico de botullsmo, com envolvimento das toxinas C e D, foi confirmado como a causa da mortalidade investigada na área de abrangência do estudo, e encontra coerência com o conjunto de resultados.


#18 - Epidemiological and clinical aspects of the epizootic botulism of cattle in the State of São Paulo

Abstract in English:

In order to investigate epidemiological and clinical aspects of beef cattle mortalities caused by botulism, a syndrome popularly known as "doença da vaca caída", studies were carried out in 32 naturally affected 4 to 9 year old cows, 27 belonging to the Nellore breed and 5 to crossbred Nellore, all from 27 farms located in municipalities near Botucatu, State of São Paulo. The epidemiological anel clinical features were based, respectively, on the farm and herd managements, and on the general physical examination of the cows. Mouse bioassay anel complement microfixation tests were performed to detect the presence of botulinum toxins in liver samples. The results showed that the disease occurs in beef cattle of range breeding systems, reared under inadequate mineral nutrition and deficient health management. Pregnant and milking cows represented the group at risk, anel the incidence was higher during the rainy season (December to March), with morbidity and mortality rates of 3,2 ± 3,6%. Clinical examination revealed cows with no alterations of vital signs, behavior, visual and auditory acuities and skin sensation; but revealed ruminai hypomotility, anorexia, dehydration, flaccid para or tetraparesis with permanent recumbency, and a paretic or paralytic tongue. The diagnosis of botulism, involving type C and D toxins, was consistent with the epidemiological and clinical findings.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Com o objetivo de verificar aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos da mortalidade de vacas de corte causada pelo botulismo, popularmente conhecida como "doença da vaca caída", estudaram-se 32 vacas (27 da raça Nelore e 5 mestiças), entre 4 e 9 anos de idade, naturalmente acometidas, e pertencentes a 27 propriedades rurais distintas, localizadas em 17 municípios próximos a Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo. As caracterizações da epidemiologia e do conjunto de sintomas basearam-se, respectivamente, no histórico dos rebanhos acometidos e no exame clínico das vacas estudadas, com análise estatística descritiva. Empregaram-se as provas de inoculação em camundongos e de microfixação de complemento para a detecção de toxinas botulínicas em amostras de fígado colhidas durante a necropsia dos animais. Os resultados apontaram a ocorrência da doença em rebanhos de corte, explorados extensivamente, com manejas de suplementação mineral e sanitário inadequados. A incidência foi maior de dezembro a março, em vacas prenhes ou lactantes, com coeficientes de morbidade e mortalidade de 3,2 ± 3,6%. Clinicamente observaram-se funções vitais, comportamento, visão, audição e sensibilidade cutânea normais, porém hipotonia ruminal, anorexia, desidratação, para ou. tetraparesia flácidas com decúbito permanente e diminuição ou ausência do tônus da língua. O diagnóstico de botulismo, com envolvimento das toxinas tipos C e D, foi coerente com as observações epidemiológicas e clínicas.


#19 - Experimental type C botulism in goats

Abstract in English:

The present paper describes the subcutaneous inoculation of goats with botulinum toxin type C to determine the doses required to cause various clinical signs, and to evaluate the bioassay as a means of laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis of botulism. Serial double dilutions in doses ranging from 15.6 to 500 DL50/kg were administered to 6 goats. The animals were checked daily to observe development of characteristic signs. Blood and liver samples were collected to detect the toxin by bioassay in mice. Doses of 500 and 250 DL50/kg induced acute botulism, death occurring between 42 and 46 hours post-inoculation, but the toxin was only detected in serum samples taken from the goat which received the larger dose. Animals inoculated with doses of 125, 62.5 and 31.3 DL50/kg developed the sub-acute forro, but the toxin could not be detected in their blood serum. The chronic forro of botulism was observed in those which received 15.6 DL50/kg doses and the toxin could not be demonstrated either in their serum samples. The results confinn that goats are highly susceptible to botulinum type C toxin and that these animals develop the sarne clinical signs as seen in bovines.

Abstract in Portuguese:

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi reproduzir o botulismo em caprinos, induzido pela toxina tipo C e determinar as doses para desenvolver as diferentes formas clínicas, bem como para avaliar a eficácia do bioensaio em camundongos. Foram utilizados 6 caprinos, inoculados por via subcutânea com a toxina tipo C, em doses de 500 a 15,6 DL50/kg de peso vivo, em diluições duplas seriadas. Os animais foram observados quanto ao desenvolvimento de sintomatologia característica de botulismo e amostras de soro sanguíneo e fígado foram coletadas para pesquisa da toxina pelo bioensaio em camundongos. As doses de 500 e 250 DL50/kg induziram quadro agudo de botulismo evoluindo para a morte entre 42 e 46 horas pós-inoculação. A toxina foi detectada somente no soro do animal que recebeu a dose de 500 DL50/kg. Os animais que receberam as doses de 125, 62,5 e 31,3 DL50/kg desenvolveram quadro subagudo da doença, não sendo detectado a toxina nas amostras analisadas. Observou-se quadro crônico de botulismo no animal inoculado com a dose de 15,6 DL50/kg, não se constatando a presença da toxina no soro. Os resultados confirmaram a alta susceptibilidade dos caprinos à toxina botulínica tipo C, que apresentaram quadros clínicos semelhantes aos observados em bovinos.


#20 - Diagnosis of botulismo of cattle in Brazil by micro-complement fixation

Abstract in English:

The heat induced micro-complement-fixation test was used for the laboratory diagnosis of botulism in cattle. The following specimens were collected in southeastem and central-westem Brazil: Thirty six samples of blood serum, liver and rumen liquid from 23 bovines with clinical signs of botulism (a condition commonly called "doença da vaca caída" - fallen cow disease) and from 1 bovine inoculated subcutaneously with botulinum type C toxin. Samples of blood serum, liver and rumen liquid collected from healthy bovines were used as negative controls. Sixteen out of 17 serum samples were positive for botulinum toxin in cattle with clinical signs of acute, subacute and chronic botulism. All 9 liver samples were positive including those from chronic cases. Two samples of rumen liquid from bovines with the acute disease gave a positive test, but 2 other chronic cases were negative. All 3 samples collected from the bovine with subacute clinical sigos gave positive results. From 36 samples examined, 31 were positive; of these 2 were of type C, 5 type D and 24 samples had to be grouped within the CD complex. All samples gave negative results with the mouse bioassay, including the material collected from the experimental case. In conclusion at least one sample of each of the 24 cases examined gave a positive result for botulinum toxin; thus this highly sensitive test confirmed the diagnosis that the "doença da vaca caída" is indeed botulism, caused by type C and D toxins.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Foi utilizada a técnica de Microfixação de Complemento Induzida pelo Aquecimento para o diagnóstico laboratorial do botulismo em bovinos. Neste sentido foram colhidas, nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, 36 amostras constituídas por soro sangüíneo, fígado e líquido ruminal de 23 bovinos com quadro clínico de botulismo, vulgarmente conhecido como “doença da vaca caída”, e de 1 bovino intoxicado experimentalmente pela toxina botulínica tipo C. Como controle negativo foram utilizados soro sangüíneo, fígado e líquido ruminal de bovinos sadios. De 17 soros examinados de bovinos com quadros clínicos agudo, subagudo e crônico, 16 foram positivos para a presença de toxina; todas as 9 amostras de fígado também foram, positivas, mesmo de animais com intoxicação crônica. Duas amostras de líquido ruminal de bovinos com doença aguda foram, positivas no teste, enquanto 2 amostras colhidas de animais com evolução crônica foram negativas. As 3 amostras oriundas do bovino intoxicado experimentalmente e apresentando evolução subaguda, foram positivas na Microfixação. Das 36 amostras examinadas, 31 foram positivas no teste, sendo 2 pertencentes ao tipo C, 5 ao tipo D, e 24 agrupadas dentro do complexo CD. Todas essas amostras foram negativas no Bioensaio em camundongo, inclusive o material colhido do bovino intoxicado experimentalmente. Com base nos resultados, e tendo como referência o Bioensaio em camundongo, a Microfixação de Complemento demonstrou um excelente desempenho, permitindo o diagnóstico laboratorial de botulismo em pelo menos um material de cada um dos 24 casos examinados, confirmando assim o diagnóstico de que a "doença da vaca caída" é de fato botulismo causado pelas toxinas C e D.


Colégio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal SciELO Brasil CAPES CNPQ UFRRJ CFMV